Proteins selected for degradation are labeled with multiple molecules of ubiquitin and are subsequently cleaved by the 26 S proteasome. A family of proteins containing at least one ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain and one ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain have been shown to act as soluble ubiquitin receptors of the 26 S proteasome and introduce a new level of specificity into the degradation system....

The attachment of lysine 48 (Lys(48))-linked polyubiquitin chains to proteins is a universal signal for degradation by the proteasome. Here, we report that long Lys(48)-linked chains are resistant to many deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Representative enzymes from this group, Ubp15 from yeast and its human ortholog USP7, rapidly remove mono- and diubiquitin from substrates but are slow to remo...

The interaction between ubiquitinated proteins and intracellular proteins harboring ubiquitin binding domains (UBDs) is critical to a multitude of cellular processes. Here, we report that Rabex-5, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5, binds to Ub through two independent UBDs. These UBDs determine a number of properties of Rabex-5, including its coupled monoubiquitination and interactio...

Decision support systems (DSS) have been used in many applications to speed up decision making. This article will discuss the implementation of DSS for decision-making for scholarships "bidik misi". In terms of processing data related to the bidik misi scholarship are accordance with the regulations set by UBD. To facilitate the selection process of bidik misi scholarship then the authors used ...

Ubiquitination is an important post-translational process involving attachment of the ubiquitin molecule to lysine residue/s on a substrate protein or on another ubiquitin molecule, leading to the formation of protein mono-, multi- or polyubiquitination. Protein ubiquitination requires a cascade of three enzymes, where the interplay between different ubiquitin-conjugating and ubiquitin-ligase e...

In several areas of parallelism, the novelty of parallel algorithms is formed by decomposing the algorithm’s sequence either on the basis of data or tasks without touching the internal peculiarity of the original algorithms (serial algorithm). Parallel hardware has experienced significant growth in recent years and is readily affordable, as for today; multicore hardware now exists in the vast m...

Data mining is becoming increasingly important since the size of databases grows even larger and the need to explore hidden rules from the databases becomes widely recognized. Currently database systems are dominated by relational database and the ability to perform data mining using standard SQL queries will definitely ease implementation of data mining. However the performance of SQL based da...

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 2 First of all I would like to thank Prof. Marcus Groettrup for giving me the opportunity to perform my PhD in his group. Thank you for supplying optimal working conditions and providing scientific guidance over the past years. Thank you to Prof. Martin Scheffner's group for the collaboration in the UBE1L2 paper and for lots of advice. I would like to express m...

Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl's) are conjugated to target proteins or lipids to regulate their activity, stability, subcellular localization, or macromolecular interactions. Similar to ubiquitin, conjugation is achieved through a cascade of activities that are catalyzed by E1 activating enzymes, E2 conjugating enzymes, and E3 ligases. In this review, we will summarize structural and mechanistic ...