Nociceptors are kinds of sensory neurons that send warning information to the central nervous system in response noxious stimuli. Thermal nociception happens as thermal stimulus exceeds 45 °C this temperature is perceived be potentially harmful. Simulating function great significance developing bioinspired electronic skins and humanoid robots, which thus creates more demands for devices can sim...

Antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN) has become a common peripheral neuropathy among HIV/AIDS patients, for which the underlying pathogenesis is uncertain. Indeed, no models exist for ATN that assess the interaction between retroviral infection and antiretroviral therapy. Herein, we developed ex vivo and in vivo models of ATN induced by didanosine (ddI) following infection by the lentivirus, f...

A technique was developed to evaluate the potency of ligand binding at M2 ACh receptors and to experimentally localize the M1 and M2 subtypes to specific neuronal processes. Normal and experimental material was prepared with tritiated ligand binding to cryostat-sectioned area 29c of posterior cingulate cortex in rat, coverslip autoradiography, and single-grain-counting techniques. Three fundame...

Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between slow and fast brain rhythms, in the form of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), is proposed to enable the coordination of neural oscillatory activity required for cognitive processing. PAC has been identified in the neocortex and mesial temporal regions, varying according to the cognitive task being performed and also at rest. PAC has also been observed in the...

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), elicited by ischemia and/or toxicity, is a potentially life-threatening condition. Histologically, ATN corresponds to necrosis and detachment of renal tubular epithelial cells. However, the tubules possess a considerable regenerative capacity and may be restored. We have previously identified a scattered population of progenitor-like cells within the proximal tubul...

The anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN), a central component of Papez' circuit, are generally assumed to be key constituents of the neural circuits responsible for certain categories of learning and memory. Supporting evidence for this contention is that damage to either of two brain regions, the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon, is most consistently associated with anterograde amnes...

BACKGROUND Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is manifested by acute renal failure (ARF) and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preconditioning with 3, 3, 5 triiodothyronine (T3) to prevent I/R renal injury. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated, placebo-treated (SO-P), sham-operated T3- ...

BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has re-emerged as an alternative therapy for intractable epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the feasibility, efficacy and safety of long-term anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) stimulation for intractable epilepsy. METHODS In this open-label pilot study of electrical stimulation of the ATN, we investigated four cases of intractable epilepsy (one man ...

Atthe BK, Babsky AM, Hopewell PN, Phillips CL, Molitoris BA, Bansal N. Early monitoring of acute tubular necrosis in the rat kidney by Na-MRI. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297: F1288–F1298, 2009. First published September 2, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00388.2009.— Reabsorption of water and other molecules is dependent on the corticomedullary sodium concentration gradient in the kidney. During the...

BACKGROUND Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) has high mortality, especially in patients who require renal replacement therapy (RRT). We prospectively studied the diagnostic accuracy of the urinary excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins and enzymes as predictors of a need for RRT in ATN. METHODS In 73 consecutive patients with initially nonoliguric ATN, we measured urinary excretion of alpha(1)...