We develop a new asymptotic theory for autocorrelation robust tests using a vector autoregressive (VAR) covariance matrix estimator. In contrast to the conventional asymptotics where the VAR order goes to in…nity but at a slower rate than the sample size, we have the VAR order grow at the same rate, as a …xed fraction of the sample size. Under this …xed-smoothing asymptotic speci…cation, the as...

In accordance with Basel Capital Accords, the Capital Requirements (CR) for market risk exposure of banks is a nonlinear function of Value-at-Risk (VaR). Importantly, the CR is calculated based on a bank’s actual portfolio, i.e. the portfolio represented by its current holdings. To tackle mean-VaR portfolio optimization within the actual portfolio framework (APF), we propose a novel mean-VaR op...

This paper assesses the forecast performance of a set of VAR models under a growing number of restrictions. With a maximum forecast horizon of 12 years, we show that the farther the horizon is, the more structured and restricted VAR models have to be to produce accurate forecasts. Indeed, unrestricted VAR models, not subjected to integration or cointegration, are poor forecasters for both short...

The anamorph genus Metarhizium is composed of arthropod pathogens, several with broad geographic and host ranges. Members of the genus, including "M. anisopliae var. frigidum" nomen nudum and Metarhizium flavoviride, have been used as biological insecticides. In a recent revision of the genus the variety "M. anisopliae var. frigidum" was suggested to be a synonym of M. flavoviride based largely...

African histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii is an important deep mycosis endemic in Central and West Africa and in the island of Madagascar. The disease is characterized by presence of granulomatous lesions in the skin, subcutaneous tissues and bones. Lungs and other internal organs are rarely involved. The natural reservoir of the etiological agent has only been recen...

PURPOSE Cowden syndrome (CS), a Mendelian autosomal-dominant disorder, predisposes to breast, thyroid, and other cancers. Germline variations in succinate dehydrogenase genes (SDHx) occur in approximately 10% PTEN mutation-negative CS and CS-like (CSL) individuals (SDH(var+)). We previously showed that SDHx variants result in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), disruption of nicotinamide ad...

Common subexpression elimination is a well-known compiler optimisation that saves time by avoiding the repetition of the same computation. To our knowledge it has not yet been applied to lazy functional programming languages, although there are several advantages. First, the referential transparency of these languages makes the identification of common subexpressions very simple. Second, more c...

To better understand the morphological variation for Perilla crop in different areas of China, we studied the morphological variation in 87 accessions (84 cultivated var. frutescens and three cultivated var. crispa) from high latitude (Northeast China) and middle latitude (North and Northwest China) areas of China by examining seven quantitative and 10 qualitative characters. Analysis of the mo...

In this paper, we show that although minimum-variance hedging unambiguously reduces the standard deviation of portfolio returns, it tends to increase portfolio kurtosis and consequently the effectiveness of hedging in terms of a more general measure of risk such as VaR is uncertain. We compare the reduction in standard deviation with the reduction in 99% VaR for thirteen cross-hedged currency p...

A nalytic variance-covariance value-at-risk is an established technique for measuring exposure to market-based financial risk (Smithson, 1996i and 1996ii). Given a description of the market characteristics and the user’s portfolio, the objective of VAR is to determine how much value might be lost over a given time, with a given level of probability, in a given currency. For example, JP Morgan’s...