Pronunciation is the fundamental step in learning a second language (L2) or foreign (FL). This crucial that cannot be excluded from process of L2 FL teaching and learning. Apart that, pronunciation not only an indicator to measure learners’ acquisition language, but also tool ensure effectiveness communication between speaker listener. However, instruction has been absent classrooms for long pe...

The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, Version 3 (L2TPv3) defines a protocol for tunneling a variety of payload types over IP networks. This document defines how to carry an MPLS label stack and its payload over the L2TPv3 data encapsulation. This enables an application that traditionally requires an MPLS-enabled core network, to utilize an L2TPv3 encapsulation over an IP network instead. Townsley, et...

The Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) framework. It is a versatile solution to address the problems faced by present-day networks like speed, scalability and traffic engineering. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) management of MPLS is made by static methods. In this paper, we propose a solution based on MultiAgent Systems (MAS) to manage the ...

This paper presents the integration of multiprotocol label switching with hierarchical mobile IPv6. The resulting micromobility-based MPLS (M-MPLS) is defined in two modes of operation: overlay and integrated. In an overlay framework MPLS and HMIP operate on their respective layers without having common processes, tables, or signaling. In an integrated framework, related functions are merged. T...

This document analyses the security of the BGP/MPLS IP virtual private network (VPN) architecture that is described in RFC 4364, for the benefit of service providers and VPN users. The analysis shows that BGP/MPLS IP VPN networks can be as secure as traditional layer-2 VPN services using Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Frame Relay. Behringer Informational [Page 1] RFC 4381 Security of BGP/M...

This document describes a methodology specific to the benchmarking of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) forwarding devices, limited to the most common MPLS packet forwarding scenarios and delay measurements for each, considering IP flows. It builds upon the tenets set forth in RFC 2544, RFC 1242, and other IETF Benchmarking Methodology Working Group (BMWG) efforts. This document seeks to ext...

This document describes commands for configuring and monitoring Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) functionality on Cisco routers and switches. This document is a companion to other feature modules describing other MPLS applications. This document includes the following sections: • Feature Overview • Supported Standards, MIBs, and RFCs • Configuration Tasks • Glossary The following table outl...

Status of This Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document specifies Operations and Management (OAM) requirements for Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), as well as for applications of MPLS, such as pseudo-wire voice and virtual private network services. Th...

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) systems are used in core networks where system downtime must be kept to a minimum. Similarly, where MPLS is at the network edges (e.g., in Provider Edge (PE) routers) [RFC2547], system downtime must also be kept to a minimum. Many MPLS Label Switching Routers (LSRs) may, therefore, exploit Fault Tolerant (FT) hardware or software to provide high availability...

Key topics: MPLS, Traffic Engineering, Traffic Trunk, Label Switched Path Quality of Service using Traffic Engineering over MPLS: An Analysis Bhaniramka, Sun, Jain 2