Surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was conducted among pregnant women in South Africa over a 5-year period after the initiation of a large national antiretroviral treatment program. Analysis of TDR data from 9 surveys conducted between 2005 and 2009 in 2 provinces of South Africa suggests that while TDR remains low (<5%) in Gauteng Province, it...

multidrug-resistant (mdr) and extensively drug-resistant (xdr) tuberculosis (tb) are increasing globally. treatment options for these patients are very limited. although treatment of these patients with standardized regimen is associated with high mortality and morbidity, rational usage of new drugs might be promising. in this study we will review epidemiology of xdr-tb and tdr-tb in iran and t...

BACKGROUND Fusion has been the traditional surgery for painful disc degeneration unresponsive to nonoperative care. Fusion rates may decline in multilevel procedures. Also, fusion may force additional stress onto adjacent discs. This effect may be amplified in multilevel procedures. Single-level total disc replacement (TDR) has been found to be as effective as fusion. There have been few publis...

W ith 10 years of tobacco documents research (TDR) completed, now is a reasonable time for those of us who conduct TDR to assess its legacy and its potential. In this issue of Tobacco Control, Stacy Carter thoughtfully depicts historical patterns in the conduct and reporting of TDR and how these patterns have evolved. She proposes ‘‘a process for planning and evaluating TDR that positions the r...

The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, or ‘‘TDR’’ as it is popularly known, has been a prominent player in the global health field for almost 40 years. Thousands of scientists worldwide have benefited from training and research support facilitated by TDR and the organization has an outstanding list of accomplishments in enabling research evidence to be translated ...

Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is an ongoing public health problem in HIV disease treatment and increases the risk of virologic failure following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) initiation. Current HIV treatment guidelines recommend resistance testing at entry into HIV care and at cART initiation. In this study, we longitudinally observed 10 acute/recently infected patients for 24...

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a prospective measurement technology for moisture content of sewage sludge composting material; however, a significant dependence upon temperature has been observed. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of temperature upon moisture content measurement and determine if TDR could be used to monitor moisture content in sewage sludge compost acros...

INTRODUCTION Total disc replacement(TDR) has been suggested for surgical method to treat degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine because it decompresses nerves and preserves motion segments. The short-term outcomes of the TDR of cervical spine has been well reported to treat degenerative disc diseases as a motion preservation technique in spite of some clinical controversies such as imp...

BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with increased incidence of sudden death and susceptibility to proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmic agents. However, the in vivo electrophysiologic mechanism of the arrhythmias has not been investigated in detail. METHODS AND RESULTS Dose-dependent susceptibility to Torsade de Pointes (TdP) by class III drug dofetilide, 3, 10, and 30 microg/kg, ...