BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Artemisinin is one of the most effective medicine against malaria, which is produced naturally by Artemisia annua in low yield. It is produced in a metabolic pathway, in which several genes and gene products are involved. One of the key genes in this pathway is am1, which encodes amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase (ADS), a key enzyme in artemisinin biosynthesis...

Four highly ordered hydrogen-bonded models of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its inclusion complex with benzene were investigated by three different theoretical methods: classical quantum mechanics (QM) on AM1 and on the BP/TZVP-DISP3 level of approximation, and thirdly by classical molecular dynamics simulations (MD) at different temperatures (120 K and 273 to 300 K). The hydrogen bonds at the larg...

Theoretical investigations and intense experimental activity have being devoted to study the geometrical properties of reflection from a surface, that is expressed in terms of Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function, a quantity that is relevant to many remote sensing applications, such as atmospheric modelling and climatologic studies. A large amount of laboratory and in-field measurem...

The multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) instrument is designed to provide global imagery at nine discrete viewing angles and four visible/near-infrared spectral bands. The MISR standard products include vegetation canopy green leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR). These products are produced using a peer-reviewed algori...

The bioavailability and metabolism of cyclosporine A (CsA) capsules were compared with two bioequivalent (Food and Drug Administration approved) preparations in rats. Two groups of Wistar-Kyoto rats were given 10 mg/kg q.d. of Sandimmun Neoral (NEO), Novartis Pharma, and CsA (United States Pharmacopeia modified), Eon Labs (EON), as capsules dissolved in water by oral gavage. After reaching stea...

The teleost adrenomedullin (AM) family consists of three groups, AM1/AM4, AM2/AM3, and AM5. In the present study, we examined the effects of homologous AM1, AM2, and AM5 on drinking and renal function after peripheral or central administration in conscious freshwater eels. AM2 and AM5, but not AM1, exhibited dose-dependent (0.01-1 nmol/kg) dipsogenic and antidiuretic effects after intra-arteria...

زمینه و هدف: در حال حاضر شواهد فزاینده‌ای وجود دارد که نشان می‌دهد مسیرهای پیش‌التهابی توسط سلول‌های T (که IL-17 IL-22 را ترشح می‌کنند)، تعدیل می‌شوند، نقش مهمی کنترل سوخت‌وسازی دارند. هدف از پژوهش بررسی اثر تمرین هوازی همراه با مصرف عصارة آبی سیر بر بیان IL-17، مقاومت‌ به ‌انسولین موش‌های صحرایی دیابتی استرپتوزوتوسین است.مواد روش‌ها: این تحقیق تجربی،40 سر موش نر (سن 5 هفته وزن 24/15 ± 12/162 گ...