Nanos (Nos) is one of the evolutionarily conserved proteins known to direct germ-line development. In Drosophila, maternal Nos protein maintains transcriptional quiescence in the germ-line progenitors or pole cells to repress ectopic expression of somatic genes. Here we show that maternal Nos is required to establish and maintain germ-line identity by preventing apoptosis and somatic cell fate....

IL-2-activated killer (LAK) cells secrete inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, which can induce NO synthesis (NOS). In this study, we investigated IL-2-activated lymphocyte-mediated macrophage apoptosis via NOS. LAK cells and their culture supernatants induced NOS in murine macrophages. NOS was markedly inhibited by blocking antibodies to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, suggesting t...

Although it is becoming increasingly evident that nitric oxide (NO) mediates some of estrogen's actions in the brain, the effects of estrogen on NO production through NO synthases (NOS) in neuronal cells have not yet been identified. Here we assessed changes in NO production induced by 17beta-estradiol (E2) in cells of neuronal origin using human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells, which we show expre...

Background: Portal hypertension in cirrhosis results from enhanced intrahepatic resistance to an augmented inflow. The former is partly due to an imbalance between intrahepatic vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Enhanced endothelin-1 and decreased activity of hepatic constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS 3) was reported in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) cirrhotic rat liver. Aims: T...

Roberts, Christian K., R. James Barnard, Arnie Jasman, and Thomas W. Balon. Acute exercise increases nitric oxide synthase activity in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Endocrinol. Metab. 40): E390–E394, 1999.—This study examined the effects of acute exercise on skeletal muscle nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, exercise...

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key regulator of diverse biological processes, including the modulation of blood vessel tone [1]. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which oxidizes arginine to produce NO and citrulline [2], is found in organisms from bacteria to humans. Despite the impact of NO on physiology, mice lacking all three mammalian NOS isoforms develop to term and are viable [3]. There is a single NO...

Investigations regarding the regulation of adult neurogenesis, i.e., the generation of new neurons from progenitor cells, have revealed a high degree of complexity. Although the pleiotropic messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to modulate adult neurogenesis, the evidence is inconclusive due to the presence of different NO synthase isoforms in the brain. We therefore investiga...

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Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a highly regulated enzyme that produces nitric oxide, a critical messenger in many physiological processes. In this perspective, we explore the role of proteolytic degradation of NOS, in particular the inducible and neuronal isoforms of NOS, as a mechanism of regulation of the enzyme. The ubiquitin-proteasome and calpain pathways are the major proteolytic systems ...