Noroviruses cause most cases of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a cell culture infection model for human norovirus necessitates the use of molecular methods and/or viral surrogate models amenable to cell culture to predict norovirus inactivation. Murine norovirus (MNV) may be used to construct a small animal model for studying the biology and pathogenesis of noroviruses becau...

We describe and compare three predominant email sender authentication mechanisms based on DNS: SPF, DKIM and Sender-ID Framework (SIDF). These mechanisms are designed mainly to assist in filtering of undesirable email messages, in particular spam and phishing emails. We clarify the limitations of these mechanisms, identify risks, and make recommendations. In particular, we argue that, properly ...

Clays have been used in southern Africa as photoprotectants by the indigenous people. Typically, two types of clay are used: one white in colour and the other red. In this work, the two clays were identified and characterized, and their in vitro SPF values measured. The clays afford a low SPF but offer broad-spectrum protection. No cutaneous side effects from the use of these clays are known. F...

We develop a model that permits the estimation of term structure both expectations and forecast uncertainty for application to professional forecasts such as Survey Professional Forecasters (SPF). Our approach exactly replicates given data set predictions from SPF (or similar source) without measurement error. captures fixed horizon fixed-event forecasts, can accommodate changes in maximal avai...

In this article we explore the evolutionary history of a functional complex at the molecular level in plethodontid salamanders. The complex consists of a proteinaceous courtship pheromone, a pheromone-producing gland on the male's chin, and a set of behaviors for delivering the pheromone to the female. Long-term evolutionary stasis is the defining feature of this complex at both the morphologic...

In diffusion MRI (dMRI) domain, many High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI) methods were proposed to estimate Ensemble Average Propagator (EAP) and Orientation Distribution Function (ODF). They normally need many samples, which limits their applications. Some Compressive Sensing (CS) based methods were proposed to estimate ODF in Q-Ball Imaging (QBI) from limited samples. However EAP...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bacteroides vulgatus induces colitis in gnotobiotic HLA-B27 transgenic (TG) rats while broad spectrum antibiotics prevent and treat colitis in specific pathogen free (SPF) TG rats although disease recurs after treatment ends. Lactobacilli treat human pouchitis and experimental colitis. We investigated if Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L GG) can prevent colitis in TG rats monoas...

Zusammenfassung Kinder erlernen soziales Verhalten u. a. im schulischen Kontext indem sie mit anderen SchülerInnen interagieren. Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der Ratifizierung UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention stellt sich die Frage, ob ohne sonderpädagogischen Förderbedarf (SPF) innerhalb inklusiver Klassen sozial anders verhalten als von SPF. Mit Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) zei...