Inspiratory muscle fatigue can probably determine hypercapnic respiratory failure. Diaphragm fatigue is detected by electrical phrenic stimulation (ELS), but there is no simple tool to assess rib cage muscle (RCM) fatigue. Cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) costimulates the phrenic nerves and RCM. We reasoned that changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure twitch (Pdi,tw) with CMS and ELS should b...

Nocturnal water temperature (Tw) affects the behaviour of aquatic biota and metabolism of whole rivers. However, night-time water temperature (nTw) is poorly understood because spot samples are typically taken during daylight hours, or Tw series are aggregated in ways that mask sub-daily properties. This paper examines 15-minute measurements of Tw and air temperature (Ta) collected at 36 sites ...

Analyzing single trial brain activity remains a challenging problem in the neurosciences. We gain purchase on this problem by focusing on globally synchronous fields in within-trial evoked brain activity, rather than on localized peaks in the trial-averaged evoked response (ER). We analyzed data from three measurement modalities, each with different spatial resolutions: magnetoencephalogram (ME...

PURPOSE Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection globally and is responsible for a variety of cancers in men and women. An effective HPV vaccine licensed for use in girls and boys has been indicated for-but is not widely implemented in-men who have sex with men (MSM). Limited data are available for transgender women (TW). We explored the social and behavioral...

This study was designed to develop a simulated swimming exercise (SS) so that peak VO2 would be assessed on swimmers in a laboratory setting. The subjects assumed a prone position on an incline bench and performed arm cranking on a Monark Rehab Trainer while performing a flutter kick against tension supplied by elastic cords. The SS test was compared to four peak VO2 tests: treadmill running (R...

The full-length cDNA of a Taiwan strain of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV TW-TN3) was constructed from five overlapping cDNA clones downstream from the bacteriophage T7 promoter in plasmid pT7ZYMV25. The plasmid was able to generate an in vitro transcript corresponding to TW-TN3 (9591 nt) with one extra guanosine residue at the 5 ́ terminus and a poly(A)95 tract at the 3 ́ end. In addition, p...

Overexpression of Bcl-2 family proteins has been found in a variety of aggressive human carcinomas, including pancreatic cancer, suggesting that specific agents targeting Bcl-2 family proteins would be valuable for pancreatic cancer therapy. We have previously reported that TW-37, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in pancreatic canc...

Groups of young stars located in the solar neighborhood have recently received a lot of attention. These stars, which are ∼ < 10 million years old, can provide insights into the birth of stars and planetary systems. For example, the TW Hydrae Association is just at the age when planets are believed to form, while MBM12 represents an earlier stage. In this Perspective, I briefly discuss recent r...

The application of synthetic colors in textile industries and their entry into the water and groundwater is an environmental problem because of being very toxic material. The synthetic colors which are used in textile dyeing (plyacrilic and polyester) are usually dispersing colorants. They derive the azo and anthraquinone chemicals. Electro-Fenton process is an efficient technique which can deg...

We study the dependence of the peak power of a 1.5 Å Terawatt (TW), tapered x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) on the transverse electron density distribution. Multidimensional optimization schemes for TW hard x-ray free-electron lasers are applied to the cases of transversely uniform and parabolic electron beam distributions and compared to a Gaussian distribution. The optimizations are performed...