Malta Medical Journal Volume 25 Issue 03 2013 Introduction Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) is a term first introduced by Kern and Moore which is used to describe a rare spectrum of various symptoms suffered by patients who had had previous radical turbinate surgery with a CT scan appearance of the paranasal sinuses after gross tissue loss. The most common symptom is socalled ‘‘paradoxical’’ nasal obs...

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest and most complicated subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Its action is necessary to regulate many of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract including its motility. Whilst the ENS has been studied extensively by developmental biologists, neuroscientists and physiologists for several decades it has only been since the early 1990s that...

Cell adhesion controls various embryonic morphogenetic processes, including the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Ablation of β1-integrin (β1-/-) expression in enteric neural crest cells (ENCC) in mice leads to major alterations in the ENS structure caused by reduced migration and increased aggregation properties of ENCC during gut colonization, which gives rise to a Hirschsprung...

Electronic negotiation systems (ENSs) feature a wide range of capabilities for setting up and conducting negotiations between the parties (Kersten and Lai 2007). These capabilities include both communication facilities, as well as analytical features that help the negotiator to manage his/her preferences as well as inform decision making in constructing offers and assessing counter-offers. In t...

Our understanding of the physiology of digestion, absorption, secretion, and motility in the gastrointestinal tract has improved immensely. Today it is well established that the gross functions of the gastrointestinal tract depend on the coordination between the muscles, nerves and hormones. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is involved in most of the physiological and pathophysiological process...

The enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, is an essential component of the gut neuromusculature and controls many aspects of gut function, including coordinated muscular peristalsis. The ENS is entirely derived from neural crest cells (NCC) which undergo a number of key processes, including extensive migration into and along the gut, proliferatio...

Hirschsprung disease is a serious disorder of enteric nervous system (ENS) development caused by the failure of ENS precursor migration into the distal bowel. We now demonstrate that retinoic acid (RA) is crucial for GDNF-induced ENS precursor migration, cell polarization and lamellipodia formation, and that vitamin A depletion causes distal bowel aganglionosis in serum retinol-binding-protein-...

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a rare but debilitating condition commonly resulting from resection of part or all of the inferior turbinate (Figure 1). The characteristic yet most perplexing symptom of ENS is the complaint of nasal obstruction despite objectively patent airways, termed paradoxical nasal obstruction. As benign as it sounds, the feeling of obstruction to nasal breathing can have a ...