OBJECTIVES Extension of the standard model while retaining compliance with it is a challenging issue because there is currently no method for semantically or syntactically verifying an extended data model. A metadata-based extended model, named CCR+, was designed and implemented to achieve interoperability between standard and extended models. METHODS Furthermore, a multilayered validation me...

Since decades the evaluation of flaw indications on radiographs from welds or castings are based on well accepted reference film catalogues from organizations like IIW (weldments), ASTM (castings) or DGZfP (D5 recommendation on heavy steel castings). Today, the transformation of classical film radiography to the digital world is in full progress. Some ASTM standards do not permit the evaluation...

Uncontrolled urban growth causes a number of problems associated with land use, stormwater management and energy generation. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are positioned as an alternative to traditional constructive solutions, contributing towards the generation multifunctional spaces for efficient consumption reduction. Nevertheless, this combined goal calls deeper understanding he...

In an on-going effort to increase the safety and efficiency of turbine engines, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is exploring lightweight alternatives to the metal containment structures that currently encase commercial jet engines. Epoxy reinforced with braided carbon fibers is a candidate structural material which may be suitable for an engine case. This paper reports flat-co...

Grey cast iron of the grade ASTM 48 is in the use for manufacturing casting parts with low or middle duty or load, such as various stove parts, gas burners, boiler parts, protective cover, hand wheel, brackets, base plate, crane balls, counter weight, handle, machine base etc. The production volume rate is mainly lies with the material removal rate during machining process and this is essential...