In this paper, logical masking capability of commonly used logic gates such as NOT, AND/NAND, OR/NOR, and XOR/XNOR, when subject to single/multiple input faults, are analyzed from a mathematical perspective. A new metric, called Gate Error Metric (GEM) is proposed to study the extent of output error in these gates when subject to potential input fault occurrences, where less value of GEM implie...

Two gem-difluoromethylenated nucleoside moieties of liposidomycins, 3 and 4, were designed and synthesized. Compound 3 was assembled from lactol 5 and gem-difluoromethylenated nucleoside 6. In the synthesis of target molecule 4, the coupling of the trichloroacetimidate derivative of gem-difluoromethylenated furanose 7 with nucleoside 8 in the presence of TMSOTf gave the unexpected compound 16 w...

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and autophagy play increasingly important roles in DNA damage repair and cell death. Gemcitabine (GEM) remains the first-line chemotherapeutic drug for pancreatic cancer (PC). However, little is known about the relationship between PARP-1 expression and autophagy in response to GEM. Here we demonstrate that GEM induces DNA-damage response and degradation ...

This study was carried out to investigate an effective method for the co-delivery of Gemcitabine (GEM) and paclitaxel (PTX) into tumor cells. GEM and PTX were modified with functional (+)-a-tocopherol (VE) to obtain similar water solubility. Folic acid-poly(ethylene glycol)–(+)-a-tocopherol (FA–PEG–VE) was designed to co-encapsulate the modified GEM and PTX. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(l...

In this study, human oropharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma KB cells that were resistant to 2,2-difluorodeoxycytidine (dFdCyd) were selected and designated the KB-Gem clone. The KB parental cell line IC50 was 0.3 mM dFdCyd, as compared with the KB-Gem clone IC50 of 32 mM dFdCyd. The KB-Gem clone demonstrated overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) M2 subunit mRNA (9-fold) and overexpression...

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were measured during an eight month circumnavigation to obtain knowledge of their worldwide distributions in the marine boundary layer (MBL). Background GEM concentrations were found to be 1.32 ± 0.2 ng/m(3) (summer) and 2.62 ± 0.4 ng/m(3) (spring) in the northern hemisphere and 1.27 ± 0.2 ng/m(3) (spring and summer) in the sout...

INTRODUCTION This study explores the proportion of respiratory symptoms and ventilatory functions among gem cutters in the city of gems, in Sri Lanka. METHODS All gem cutters in the Ratnapura Medical Officers of Health area were included and the control group was selected from the government officers residing in the same area. The gem cutters and the controls were matched according to their a...

This study aimed to modify the biological response of cells to ionizing radiation by combination therapy using radio-sensitizer agent and anticancer drug. Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were prepared and used with gemcitabine (Gem). These two agents were encapsulated simultaneously intopoly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to form multifunctional drug delivery system....