Europe is one of the world’s seven continents consisting of approximately 50 states. Precisely where the division betweenEurope andAsia lies is still a matter of some debate. Sometimes the word “Europe” is used in a geopolitical way to refer only to the European Union. TheEuropeanUnion is composed of 27Member States. The enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding through the ...

Sensory judgments improve with practice. Such perceptual learning is often thought to reflect an increase in perceptual sensitivity. However, it may also represent a decrease in response bias, with unpracticed observers acting in part on a priori hunches rather than sensory evidence. To examine whether this is the case, 55 observers practiced making a basic auditory judgment (yes/no amplitude-m...

The influential framework of 'predictive processing' suggests that prior probabilistic expectations influence, or even constitute, perceptual contents. This notion is evidenced by the facilitation of low-level perceptual processing by expectations. However, whether expectations can facilitate high-level components of perception remains unclear. We addressed this question by considering the infl...

The two-period crossover trial has the evident advantage that, by use of within-patient comparisons, the usual large between-patient variability is not used as a measure to compare treatments. A prerequisite, however, is that the order of the treatments does not substantially influence the outcome of the treatment. Crossover studies with a binary response (such as yes/no or present/absent), alt...

For the purpose of this lecture, let us assume that Relevance Feedback (abbreviated RF) is available in the form of explicit binary (yes/no) judgments for each of the top-k retrieved documents. Although RF can potentially be used in any setting, it is most natural in the probabilistic retrieval model since there is a notion of relevance in the form of a random variable. So let us first discuss ...

The aim of the present study was to investigate verb and context processing in 10 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and matched controls. A self-paced stop making sense judgment task was employed where participants read a sentence preceded by a context which made the thematic role of the verb plausible or implausible. Participants were required to indicate whether the sentence ceased to...

In a widely cited series of papers, Hassett and Metcalf argue that the slow diffusion of energy saving technology may be due to a high option value to waiting. While the authors clarify that this is relevant for yes/no decisions (such as whether to add insulation to a home), this argument has been widely cited even in investment decisions that involve a choice over multiple appliances or vehicl...

Basic metacognitive development research suggests that metacognitive abilities develop before adolescence. However, this research has not used tasks that require the discrimination of seen from unseen stimuli, an important element of real-world recognition tasks such as eyewitness identification. We tested the idea that children would be less able to monitor and control the accuracy of their me...

PURPOSE The aim of this investigation was to describe and compare the communication behaviors and interactive reading strategies used by Mexican American mothers of low- and middle-socioeconomic status (SES) background during shared book reading. METHOD Twenty Mexican American mother-child dyads from the Southwestern United States were observed during two book reading sessions. The data were ...

Visual salience maps are assumed to mediate target selection decisions in a motor-unspecific manner; accordingly, modulations of salience influence yes/no target detection or left/right localization responses in manual key-press search tasks, as well as ocular or skeletal movements to the target. Although widely accepted, this core assumption is based on little psychophysical evidence. At least...