this essay with a historical look reviews the use of chemical weapons in the world wars i and ii and other limited wars before this imposed war against iran. then, it explains the international regulations on prohibition and non-proliferation of chemical weapons. regarding iran-iraq war, the use of these weapons against iranian military forces and civilians as well as iraqi people is discussed....

Background: The valley of death, which refers to the gap due to the lack of support for the translation of basic research to related clinical studies, exists in the field of translational cannabinoid research in Japan owing to regulations. Article 4 of the Cannabis Control Act (CCA) of 1948 prohibits the use of Cannabis-based medicines. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the history of the...

Coccidioidomycosis was first discovered by a medical student in Argentina in 1892, and knowledge about the infection mostly arose from observations of clinicians and scientists in California, primarily at Stanford University Medical Center. Some discoveries came by chance. Many others arose from careful epidemiologic and clinical investigations in the San Joaquin Valley during the 1930s, when p...

O NE OF THE most curious characteristics of the United States military establishment since World War II has been its tendency to become slavishly addicted to fads. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, fascination with nuclear weapons to the exclusion of almost everything else led the Army to such unhappy experiments as the " pentomic divi­ sion " and the " Davy Crockett. " 1 The Air Forc...

Many U.S. military veterans lack health insurance and are ineligible for care in Veterans Administration health care facilities. Using two recently released national government surveys--the 2004 Current Population Survey and the 2002 National Health Interview Survey--the authors examined how many veterans are uninsured (lacking health insurance coverage and not receiving care from the VA) and w...

During the World War II and Korean War era, the U.S. military freely distributed cigarettes to overseas personnel and provided low-cost tobacco products on domestic military bases. In fact, even today the military continues to sell subsidized tobacco products on its bases. Using a variety of instrumental variables approaches to deal with nonrandom selection into the military and into smoking, w...

The economic landscape has changed quite considerably over the past decade, both within Australia and internationally. A recurring theme in discussions about the international economy a decade ago was the unprecedented success of the Japanese economy. Having witnessed this success over the whole post-World War II era, most observers a decade ago could see no reason why it would not continue. In...

Japanese people born before World War II learned Japanese kana (Japanese syllabograms) writing in a style that is not currently used. These individuals had to learn the current style of kana orthography after the war. An 85-year-old man was taken to our hospital by his family who were surprised by his diary. It was written with kanji (Japanese ideograms) and katakana using the prewar style. A n...

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the amount of trauma impact, post-traumatic stress symptoms and current psychopathological distress in a sample of former German children of World War II. METHODS 93 participants were recruited through the local press, and assessed using the modified Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R). RESULTS Subjects ...

T story is written by a 90-year-old World War II veteran who is revered by both his family and his community, including his nurse and other health professionals who supervise his care. His wife passed away several years ago, but because of the devotion of his family and his engagement with the community, a 24-hour network of care has been arranged, and he is able to remain in his home. For exam...