Spring constant calibration of the atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever is of fundamental importance for quantifying the force between the AFM cantilever tip and the sample. The calibration within the framework of thin plate theory undoubtedly has a higher accuracy and broader scope than that within the well-established beam theory. However, thin plate theory-based accurate analytic determi...

We have previously shown that the early Xenopus organiser contains cells equally potent to give rise to notochord or floor plate, and that Notch signalling triggers a binary decision, favouring the floor plate fate at the expense of the notochord. Now, we present evidence that Delta1 is the ligand that triggers the binary switch, which is executed through the Notch-mediated activation of hairy2...

During endochondral ossification, chondrocyte growth and differentiation is controlled by many local signalling pathways. Due to crosstalks and feedback mechanisms, these interwoven pathways display a network like structure. In this study, a large-scale literature based logical model of the growth plate network was developed. The network is able to capture the different states (resting, prolife...

Of 135 consecutive patients admitted with subtrochanteric fractures of the femur, 104 were studied; half had internal fixation with a Zickel nail and half had a nail-plate device. Fractures treated with a Zickel nail had significantly less blood loss during operation and took less time to walk with full weight-bearing, but the incidence of technical error at operation was higher. Errors include...

Knowledge of the in situ stress field of the Australian continent has increased greatly since compilation of the World Stress Map in 1992, principally by analysis of borehole breakouts and drilling-induced tensile fractures in petroleum wells. Stress orientations are variable across the Australian continent as a whole. However, within 15 of 16 individual stress provinces defined in the Australi...

During embryogenesis, the isthmic organizer, a well-described signaling center at the junction of the mid-hindbrain, establishes the cerebellar territory along the anterior/posterior axis of the neural tube. Mechanisms specifying distinct populations within the early cerebellar anlage are less defined. Using a newly developed gene expression map of the early cerebellar anlage, we demonstrate th...

The fork head domain family of genes defines a growing group of proteins that serve important regulatory functions in pattern-forming events of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Here we add three closely related, novel members to this family in Xenopus laevis, termed XFD-12, XFD-12' and XFD-12". All three genes reveal indistinguishable expression patterns during Xenopus embryogenesis. During ...