We raise the problem of the minorities' survival in the presence of positive network externalities. We rely on the example of thematic clubs to illustrate why and in which circumstances such survival problems might appear, …rst considering the case of simple network externalities and then the case of cross network externalities. Sonnac and Skerdilajda Zanaj for their comments and suggestions.

We consider whether Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are mainly poor because they are governed worse than other countries, as suggested by recent studies on the supremacy of institutions. Our empirical results show that the supremacy of institutions does not hold. SSA countries appear to face specific development problems in addition to weak institutions. Given their geographic and economic ...

it will be going the path of respect to uphold the prophet’s words over other arab words in prose and poetry in syntactic quotations. after the eloquent language of qur’an, no other arab word found itself more saying in eloquence than that of the prophet’s, nor had it the depth of effect and balance of meaning of his. but this had not been welcomed by antecedent grammarians to the extent that i...