Abstract This study focused on the potential effects of screen size (smartphone vs. tablet) and text movement (scrolling paging) integrated understanding information, strategic backtracking, intrinsic reading motivation when Norwegian university students read an informational either a smartphone or tablet by scrolling paging. We expected that paging would lead to better more backtracking than s...

multi-part words in english language are hyphenated and hyphen is used to separate different parts. persian language consists of multi-part words as well. based on persian morphology, half-space character is needed to separate parts of multi-part words where in many cases people incorrectly use space character instead of half-space character. this common incorrectly use of space leads to some s...

Summarizing is the practice of condensing a body material into more manageable size while retaining all key data elements and intended meaning. Automatic text summarizing systems can now quickly retrieve summary phrases from input documents. However, it has number shortcomings, such as duplication, insufficient coverage, incorrect extraction lines, poor sentence coherence. In this study, new co...

One of the complex documents in the real world is city maps. In these kinds of maps, text labels overlap by graphics with having a variety of fonts and styles in different orientations. Usually, text and graphic colour is not predefined due to various map publishers. In most city maps, text and graphic lines form a single connected component. Moreover, the common regions of text and graphic lin...