Welding fumes have been found to be carcinogenic and stainless steel welders may at higher risk due increased formation of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The slag-shielded methods, identified generate most airborne particles Cr(VI), would potentially harmful. With ever-stricter limits set protect workers, measures minimize human exposure become crucial. Austenitic flux-cored wires 316L type deve...

A method is described for assessing occupational exposures to chromium aerosols; it involves four procedures. The first, proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), measures the total chromium. The second, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), measures the oxidation state of the particle surfaces, and the third, which uses sym-diphenylcarbazide (DPQ, measures the proportion of water-sol...

When a positively buoyant vertical fluid jet directed downwards from its source impinges on a horizontal flat surface, the resulting flow is termed an “impinging fountain”. These flows arise in a number of practical situations, for example, in gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Developing a description of this flow presents the researcher with a number of challenges and forms the motivation for this...

Metal fume fever (MFF) is an important occupational-related illness resulting from inhalation of volatile metal oxides, especially zinc, that are produced during welding or cutting of metal materials. Onset of MFF is rapid, occurring within a few hours after inhalation of the fumes. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough, dyspnea, headache, myalgia, and malaise. Symptoms are self-limiting and ty...