T he Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol and its standards-track successor, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, 1 were developed more than a decade ago and have generally withstood scrutiny in that the protocols themselves haven't been found to have security flaws. Until now. In August 2009, Marsh Ray and Steve Dispensa discovered a design flaw in the TLS protocol (and published it in ...

This paper draws attention to new complexities of deploying artificial intelligence (AI) sensitive contexts, such as welfare allocation. AI is increasingly used in public administration with the promise improving decision-making through predictive modelling. To accurately predict, it needs all agreed criteria part decisions, formal and informal. empirically explores informal classifications by ...