Results Twenty-four studies were eligible for this review. Based on the available evidence, waterpipe tobacco smoking was significantly associated with lung cancer [odds ratio (OR)1⁄4 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–3.42], respiratory illness (OR1⁄4 2.3; 95% CI 1.1–5.1), low birth-weight (OR1⁄4 2.12; 95% CI 1.08–4.18) and periodontal disease (OR1⁄4 3–5). It was not significantly associa...

BACKGROUND The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in the Middle East region and worldwide is increasing. There is evidence to indicate both short term and long term health effects of WTS, resulting in the issuance of an advisory note by the World Health Organization. METHODS This research aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the factors contributing to the rise in WTS in L...

There are several indications when to use splints in the treatment of leprosy. PVC waterpipe is a cheap and easily available material in developing countries. Its advantages, indications, and the manufacturing of splints are described.

Background: In Malaysia, although the number of Shisha smokers has not exceeded regular cigarette users, waterpipe smoking (Shisha) been appeared as a new form tobacco use, especially among generation. This study aims to describe comparative characteristics, familiarities, and motives for use in some states Malaysia.  Methods: A cross-sectional survey using validated self-administered, bil...

INTRODUCTION Prevalence of hookah or waterpipe smoking is increasing in the United States, particularly among college-aged students. Little research has examined the relationship between hookah smoking, other risk-seeking behaviors, and specific personality factors. The current study aims to address this gap in the literature. METHODS A random sample of 10,000 students at two southeastern sta...

In this population-based cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence of intentional injuries and associated factors among 1201 adolescents in Tehran, Iran. Overall, 63.9% of adolescents had at least one intentional injury behavior which was significantly higher in males. Gender preference for males by parents, very high or very low supervision, waterpipe smoking, and alcohol consumpti...