Solar water heaters have been in use for decades many countries the world that less favorable climatic conditions solar energy as compared with Libya. However, still there is no usage of such technologies country. This could be attributed to factors including, among others, lack clear policy and/or serious plans establish technology, cheap prices conventional energy, and environmental awareness...

In the EU 28, installed heating appliance stock is quite old, with an actual replacement rate of 4%. This directly reflected in average efficiency systems, where around 60% rated energy class C or D (the lowest classes label scale). The European project HARP aims at raising consumers’ awareness planned their old and inefficient appliances more efficient renewable solutions. this direction, labe...

There is a need for methodology to warm open-field plots in order to study the likely effects of global warming on ecosystems in the future. Herein, we describe the development of arrays of more powerful and efficient infrared heaters with ceramic heating elements. By tilting the heaters at 451 from horizontal and combining six of them in a hexagonal array, good uniformity of warming was achiev...

WHAT DO WE KNOW? In many children asthma is closely associated with allergy, and many asthmatic children are allergic to dust mite and pet allergens. For them, reduction of exposure is likely to be beneficial. But does this mean that mite and pet exposure causes asthma? This issue is surprisingly complex. Whereas studies suggest that exposure to specific allergens increases sensitisation to tho...

Time-of-use and real-time spot pricing tariffs in conjunction with direct load control of water heaters was offered to residential electricity consumers in a large-scale demand response experiment. Hourly data from the experiment on consumption, temperature, wind, and hours of daylight comprise a large panel data set, which are analysed with a fixed effects regression model. Price responses are...

Demand Response (DR) is one way of providing more flexibility to the electric power system. Various approaches to enable control of small, thermostatically controlled loads such as air conditioners and Electric Water Heaters (EWHs) have been published in the past. This paper focuses on the optimal dispatch of these flexible loads. A Model Predictive Control is implemented to minimize total cost...

Consumers can accumulate product information on the basis of a combination of searching, product advertising and expert advice. Examples of experts who provide product information include doctors advising patients on treatments, motor mechanics diagnosing car problems and recommending repairs, accountants recommending investment strategies, and plumbers making recommendations on alternative wat...

This article presents a comparison of commercial and model based predictive control strategies aimed at optimizing efficiency of classical heating systems used in greenhouse temperature control. Two kind of heating systems are considered: aerial pipes with hot water and air-fan heaters. By using simple linearized models of the system around the predefined setpoints and a generalized predictive ...