Shallow-water numerical simulations show that the atmospheric circulation of the close-in extrasolar giant planet (EGP) HD 209458 b is characterized by moving circumpolar vortices and few bands/jets (in contrast with ∼ 10 bands/jets and absence of polar vortices on cloud-top Jupiter and Saturn). The large spatial scales of moving circulation structures on HD 209458 b may generate detectable var...

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model that includes a Lagrangian particle-tracking simulation was applied to the Danshuei River estuarine system in northern Taiwan. The model’s accuracy was validated with data from1999; the results from themodel agreedwellwith empirical observations ofwater surface elevation, tidal currents, and salinity. The validatedmodelwas then used to investigate the resi...

An outstanding climate anomaly 8200 years before the present (B.P.) in the North Atlantic is commonly postulated to be the result of weakened overturning circulation triggered by a freshwater outburst. New stable isotopic and sedimentological records from a northwest Atlantic sediment core reveal that the most prominent Holocene anomaly in bottom-water chemistry and flow speed in the deep limb ...

The dynamic influence of thermohaline circulation onwind-driven circulation in the SouthChina Sea (SCS) is studied using a simple reduced gravitymodel, in which the upwelling driven bymixing in the abyssal ocean is treated in terms of an upward pumping distributed at the base of the upper layer. Because of the strong upwelling of deep water, the cyclonic gyre in the northern SCS is weakened, bu...

Water is a nearly miraculous molecule that enters into the operation of the climate system in a remarkable variety of ways. A wide-ranging overview can be found in Pierrehumbert (2002). In the present chapter, we will be concerned only with the radia-tive effects of atmospheric water vapor on climate, and with the kinematics of how the water vapor distribution is maintained. These effects are i...

We develop a series of models of transport in the upper tropical troposphere in order to explain the observed abundance and isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapor. We start with the Rayleigh fractionation process and add the effects of mixing and recirculation of stratospheric air through the upper troposphere. We compare our measurements with model calculations for a range of input ...

Recent progress is reviewed in the understanding of convective interaction with water vapor, and changes associated with water vapor in warmer climates. Progress includes new observing techniques (including isotopic methods) that are helping to illuminate moistureconvection interaction, better-observed humidity trends, new modeling approaches, and clearer expectations as to the hydrological con...

Daily precipitation data from worldwide stations and gridded analyses and from 18 coupled global climate models are used to evaluate the models’ performance in simulating the precipitation frequency, intensity, and the number of rainy days contributing to most (i.e., 67%) of the annual precipitation total. Although the models examined here are able to simulate the land precipitation amount well...