Background and objectives: Essential oils (volatiles) are aromatic oily liquids prepared from different parts of plants and demonstrate various therapeutic and cosmetic properties. The dissolution of essential oils are not desirable in water, therefore the aim of this research was evaluation and selection the best co-solvents for increasing their solubility and bio availability...

Separation and purification are an integral part and a major cost factor in the chemical industry. Distillation is a very commonly used for solvent separation and purification process. It is neither cost effective nor process efficient when dealing with close-boiling and azeotropic solvent mixtures without modifying the relative volatility of the solvent components with an extraneous solvent or...

The properties of a gel consisting of a covalent network formed by the reaction of isocyanate end-capped polyethylene glycol (PEG) with β-cyclodextrin, were investigated by EPR spectroscopy. Spin-labelled cyclodextrin was incorporated into the cross-link points of the gel and at the chain ends. The dynamics of the gel fibres as reported by the spin label, was found to be sensitive to the H-bond...

A new, sensitive and fast dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) was developed for determination of zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat samples. The DLLME was performed using acetonitrile/water (80:20 v/v) as the disperser solvent and 1-octanol as the extracting solvent.  The acetonitrile/water (80:20 v/v) solvent was also used to extract ZEN f...

The esterification activity of microbial lipase (triacyl glycerol hydrolase, E.C. 3.1.1.3) in water-organic biphasic solvent system has been investigated. The lipase produced from Rhizopus arrhizus NCM997 strain by solid-state fermentation, using rice bran as substrate, exhibited novel capability of catalyzing esterification reaction. The partially purified lipase was coated with nonionic surfa...

Tannin is a very versatile industrial material found in many parts of plants such as the bark of Eucalyptus camadulensis (EC). The bark of EC that normally peels off during the dry season has usually served as anxious substrate for pathogens. In the present experiment, tannin was leached from the bark of EC using water as solvent. Tannin produced varied from 5 to 12%. The yield obtained was fou...

Water has emerged as a versatile solvent for organic chemistry in recent years. Water as a solvent is not only inexpensive and environmentally benign, but also gives completely new reactivity. The types of organic reactions in water are broad including pericyclic reactions, reactions of carbanion equivalent, reactions of carbocation equivalent, reactions of radicals and carbenes, transition-met...

The chemical equilibria concerning formic acid are computationally investigated in water over a wide range of thermodynamic conditions. The solvation free energies for relevant C1 compounds are evaluated in the method of energy representation, and are used to assess the solvent effect on the formic acid reactions. In the two competitive decomposition processes of formic acid, the solvent strong...

A fast stable finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann (FDPB) model for implicit solvation in molecular dynamics simulations was developed using the smooth permittivity FDPB method implemented in the OpenEye ZAP libraries. This was interfaced with two widely used molecular dynamics packages, AMBER and CHARMM. Using the CHARMM-ZAP software combination, the implicit solvent model was tested on eight p...