Disasters can lead to a high risk of casualties and structural damages. Destructive disasters, such as earthquakes, may cause a great amount of disaster waste to be controlled. Reusing and recycling materials in the debris can decrease the need for re-construction resources. These reusable or recyclable materials can be processed in temporary storage sites like the ones suggested by the United ...

13 Oil wastes produced in large amounts in the processes of oil extraction, refining, and 14 transportation are of great environmental concern because of their mutagenicity, toxicity, high 15 fire hazardousness, and hydrophobicity. About 40% of these wastes contain radionuclides; 16 however, the effects of oil products and radionuclides on soil microorganisms are frequently 17 studied separatel...

Cities are dependent on their hinterlands for their function and survival. They provide resources such as people, materials, water, food and energy, as well as areas for waste disposal. Over the last 50 years, commerce and trade has become increasingly global with resources sourced from further afield often due to cheap labour costs, better transportation and a plentiful supply of energy and ra...