The cell wall is the strong, outermost layer of a plant cell, located external to the plasma membrane. The cell wall often far outlives the protoplast which synthesized it. In cork, for example, the wall serves its particular biological role (physical protection of a tree trunk) for many years after the death of the protoplast. However, the walls of living cells are not inert ‘boxes’ but comple...

The creation of a virtual Center Without Walls to study sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) was announced by the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) on Dec 8, 2014. For the epilepsy community—at that time gathered in Seattle, WA, USA, for the Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society—the announcement of this new initiative signals the onset of an exc...

We review the status of domain walls in N = 1 supergravity theories for both the vacuum domain walls as well as dilatonic domain walls. We concentrate on a systematic analysis of the nature of the space–time in such domain wall backgrounds and the special rôle that supersymmetry is playing in determining the nature of such configurations. Isotropic vacuum domain walls that can exist between iso...

At first, this may seem obvious, but in fact the problem is already non-trivial even in the case of four-sided pyramids, which can possibly have some obtuse dihedral angles (see Figure 1). Formally, we have the following result: Collapsing Walls Theorem. Let P ⊂ R be a pyramid over a convex polygon Q. For a face F of P , denote by eF the edge between F and the base: eF = F ∩Q, and let AF denote...

because of the dispersion of activities in big cities, employing highways as the most important connecting way is indispensable. in today world, highways are connection arteries of cities transporting people to their social activities. because of continual use of highway, their walls prepare a context for conveying many social, cultural, economic, etc concepts. that is why most economic promoti...

inclined retaining walls with slopes less than perpendicular are appropriate candidates in several engineering problems. yet, to the knowledge of authors, only a few analytical solution for calculation of active earth pressure on such walls, which will be usually smaller than the same pressure on vertical ones, has been presented neither in research papers nor in design codes. considering limit...

steel shear walls, like bracings are a resistance system against wind and earthquake loads, which have more advantages than other systems. this paper is investigating the influence of openings on steel shear walls under increasing static loads. for this purpose, the experiments of other researchers on finite elements method have been checked and after investigating the correctness and precision...

in this work a numerical study of thermal and fluid dynamics behavior of natural air convection in a square cavity in a laminar flow is presented, by finite volume method. the square cavity has two walls heated with different temperatures and two isolated walls. the numerical simulation is made up of several rayleigh numbers to . flow and isotherm lines are presented and analyzed. the numerical...

Because of the dispersion of activities in big cities, employing highways as the most important connecting way is indispensable. In today world, highways are connection arteries of cities transporting people to their social activities. Because of continual use of highway, their walls prepare a context for conveying many Social, Cultural, Economic, etc concepts. That is why most economic promoti...