objective: in recent decades, β-glucans have been used as important complementary and alternative medicines for numerous immunocompromised individuals and those with end stage of cancer terminal. the most active form of β-glucans is β(1,3)d-glucan and its  most common source is cell wall of candida albicans. recently it has been introduced as a nano particle design to be used as a carrier for d...

Tactile stimulation (light stroking) of a body wall flap attached to the ventral nerve cord of the medicinal leech evokes episodes of swimming activity. This swimming response undergoes habituation, involving changes in swim initiation and swim maintenance. Repeated stimulation of the body wall flap evoked swimming activity between three and 39 times before this response failed. During repetiti...

The resting membrane potential (V(m)) of isolated somatic longitudinal muscles of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was studied by glass microelectrodes. The inhibition of chloride permeability by low pH did not affect V(m) of the muscle fibers in isolated somatic longitudinal muscles of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris which was -48.7 mV (inside negative) at pH 7.3 and -49.1 at pH 5.6. On t...

Limb body wall complex (LBWC) is characterized by multiple severe congenital malformations including an abdominal and/or thoracic wall defect covered by amnion, a short or absent umbilical cord with the placenta almost attached to the anterior fetal wall, intestinal malrotation, scoliosis, and lower extremity anomalies. There is no consensus about the etiology of LBWC and many cases with abnorm...

Small children are given to putting inedible objects into their mouths, whence they are not uncommonly inhaled into the respiratory tree, becoming impacted in a bronchus and setting up unpleasant secondary septic complications. Once beyond the larynx it is unusual for such objects to be coughed up spontaneously, and as a rule they have to be removed by bronchoscopy or by thoracotomy and broncho...

In C. elegans, mutants that are defective in muscle function and/or structure are easy to detect and analyze since: 1) body wall muscle is essential for locomotion, and 2) muscle structure can be assessed by multiple methods including polarized light, electron microscopy (EM), Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagged proteins, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The overall structure of the sarcom...

Introduction Ventral body wall (VBW) defects are observed in 1 in 3000 births. The main types of defects include body wall dysplasia, gastroschisis, omphalocele and primary thoracoabdominoschisis. There is little evidence suggesting that genetic changes are associated with these defects. An important number of these occur as a result of exposure to chemical pollutants or radiation. In this proj...

The body wall of starfish is composed of magnesium calcite ossicles connected by collagenous tissue and muscles and it exhibits remarkable variability in stiffness, which is attributed to the mechanical mutability of the collagenous component. Using the common European starfish Asterias rubens as an experimental animal, here we have employed a variety of techniques to gain new insights into the...

see through the wall radar, is a relatively new small range radar that uses electromagnetic waves to detect targets behind wall. because of its symmetry, a conducting sphere is often used as a reference scatterer to calibrate radars. in this paper, to simulate received signal for see through the wall radar, scattering model of a conducting sphere in free space is presented. then using a dielect...