We develope the dual picture for Quantum Electrodynamics in 3+1 dimensions. It is shown that the photon is massless in the Coulomb phase due to spontaneous breaking of the magnetic symmetry group. The generators of this group are the magnetic fluxes through any infinite surface ΦS. The order parameter for this symmetry breaking is the operator V (C) which creates an infinitely long magnetic vor...

We develope the dual picture for Quantum Electrodynamics in 3+1 dimensions. It is shown that the photon is massless in the Coulomb phase due to spontaneous breaking of the magnetic symmetry group. The generators of this group are the magnetic fluxes through any infinite surface Φ S. The order parameter for this symmetry breaking is the operator V (C) which creates an infinitely long magnetic vo...

This paper examines the numerical work of thermal convection over tube banks with winglets through heat exchanger in two parts under turbulent conditions. The first section investigates influence two-phase (water and air) flow on performance kinds vortex generators (Delta Rectangular) across oval banks. second studied four types (Delta, Rectangular, Zikzak, Sinusoidal wavy), circular tubes, for...

background: 99mtc is a widely used radioisotope in nuclear medicine centers which is obtained by elution from mo-99/tc-99m generators. usually the generators are either supplied by the iran atomic energy agency or by private companies from foreign countries. in this study we have measured 99mo contamination in 99mtc elute from different generators in a period of one year. materials and methods:...

Delay in the onset of static stall via passive vortex generators (VGs) results more efficient equipment. Nevertheless, most studies VGs are conducted on wind turbine blades rather than other turbomachinery devices like axial fan blades. This study is feasibility research to see whether aerodynamic performance improves presence VGs. Therefore, VGs' effect a blade with an elliptical profile havin...