It is shown that a ring R is (von Neumann) regular if and only if every cyclic left R-module is GP -injective if and only if R is left PP and left GP -injective. In addition, two examples are given to answer two open questions in the negative. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 16E50, 16D60

In this paper, the explicit form of maximal elements, known as shorted operators, in a subring of a von Neumann regular ring has been obtained. As an application of the main theorem, the unique shorted operator (of electrical circuits) which was introduced by Anderson-Trapp has been derived.

We prove the weak-∗ convergence of a certain sequence of averages of unitary operators associated to the action of the free group on its Gromov boundary. This result, which can be thought as an ergodic theorem à la von Neumann with coefficients, provides a new proof of the irreducibility of the quasi-regular representation of the free group.