Genetically engineered resistance against plant virus diseases has been achieved by transforming plants with gene constructs that encode viral sequences. Several successful field trials of virus-resistant transgenic plants have been carried out. Specific features of virus infection make it possible to interfere with different steps of the infection and disease cycle by accumulating products of ...

Virus resistance was one of the very first useful traits introduced into plant genomes, and over the past 18 years, numerous types of highly effective virus resistance transgenes have been created. Nearly all of these resistances are based on expression of a transgene encoding a viral gene,or a part thereof (see Beachy 1997 for review). However, it is interesting to note that only very few viru...

The previously demonstrated antigenicity of Gross virus-induced lymphomas was further investigated. It was found that Gross virus homogenate was less potent than living lymphoma cells. When, however, concentrated fractions of the same homogenate were used for pretreatment, both cytotoxic sera and resistance against isogenic trans plantation were provoked. Evidence was obtained that cellular con...

The reticulum cell sarcomas induced by Friend leukemia virus (FLV) and the lymphomas induced by the Friend virus-associated lymphatic leukemia virus (LLV) have been investigated for both their antigenic relationships and the presence in them of common tumor-specific transplantation antigens. Since noninfectious reticulum cell sarcomas contain ing the Friend virus genome were available, this was...

Wolbachia are vertically transmitted, obligatory intracellular bacteria that infect a great number of species of arthropods and nematodes. In insects, they are mainly known for disrupting the reproductive biology of their hosts in order to increase their transmission through the female germline. In Drosophila melanogaster, however, a strong and consistent effect of Wolbachia infection has not b...

Influenza virus with resistance to antiviral drugs emerges with increased frequency in immunocompromised patients and can limit the benefit of M2 and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors. We document 3 cases of influenza in severely immunocompromised patients from whom virus variants with molecular markers of resistance to anti-influenza drugs were recovered. Virus variants recovered from 2 patients h...

BACKGROUND In Henan, China, first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) was implemented early in a large number of treatment-experienced patients who were more likely to have a drug resistance. Therefore, we investigated the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 drug resistance profiles among patients in Henan who experienced virological failure to ART. METHOD A cross-sectional survey was admini...

Rapid emergence of resistance to monotherapy with virus-specific inhibitors necessitates combination therapy. ACH-806 is a hepatitis C virus NS4A inhibitor with a novel mechanism of action and resistance pathway. This compound was synergistic with NS3 protease inhibitors and NS5B nucleoside and nonnucleoside polymerase inhibitors.

Current recommendations for the treatment of HIV-infected patients advise highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) consisting of combinations of 3 or more drugs to provide long-term clinical benefit. This is because only a complete suppression of virus replication will be able to prevent virus drug resistance, the main cause of drug failure. Virus drug resistance may remain a cause of conce...

1. Adult rhesus monkeys possess frequently a greater resistance to experimental infection with poliomyelitis virus than young monkeys as indicated by the prolongation of the incubation period and the content of feeble neutralizing substances in the normal serum. 2. Virucidal substances can be demonstrated in the normal serum of subadult chimpanzees. 3. Immature monkeys prepared with glandular a...