Treating viral illnesses or noninfective causes of inflammation with antibiotics is ineffective and contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance, toxicity, and allergic reactions, leading to increasing medical costs. A major factor behind unnecessary use of antibiotics is, of course, incorrect diagnosis. For this reason, timely and accurate information on whether the infection is bac...

Ninety-six strains of influenza A and 113 influenza B were found in the two MRC/PHLS surveys. In the general practitioner survey the majority of strains were isolated from cases diagnosed as influenza but in hospital most came from cases diagnosed as having other respiratory infections. In the latter survey isolation rates were higher in upper respiratory tract infection than in lower ones but ...

SHY, G.M., GONATAS, N.K. & PEREZ, M. (1966) Two childhood myopathies with abnormal mitochondria. I. Megaconial myopathy. II. Pleoconial myopathy. Brain, 89, 133. SMITH, B. (1964) Histological and histochemical changes in the muscles of rabbits given the corticosteroid triamcinolone. Neurology (Minneap.), 14, 857. SMITH, B. & O'GRADY, F. (1966) Experimental chloroquine myopathy. J. Neurol. Neuro...

Introduction: Blood derived products have been known as an effective treatment for many years. However, this treatment is not without risk of infections transmission including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) in people who received the blood. Nevertheless, due to a high risk of blood born diseases through blood transfusion, screening ...

Opportunistic infections continue to be a major cause of disease in patients with HIV infection. Despite the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART ) , opportunistic infections continue to be seen in patients who do not have access to antiretrovirals, and in patients who do not have an adequate response to antiretrovirals [1]. Viral infections are a major cause of opportunis...

During a pandemic, there are conflicting demands that arise from public health and socioeconomic costs. Lockdowns common way of containing infections, but they adversely affect the economy. We study question how to minimize damage lockdown while still infections. Our analysis is based on SIR model, which we analyze using clock set by virus. This use ``virus time'' permits clean mathematical for...

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important cause of viral lower respiratory illness in infants and children worldwide. By the age of 2 years, nearly every child has become infected with respiratory syncytial virus and re-infections are common throughout life. Most infections are mild and can be managed at home, but this virus causes serious diseases in preterm children, especially those ...

Bacterial co-infections can probably influence the pathogenicity of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exposure time to Escherichia coli (O:2) on the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV in broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six equal groups. At the age of 26 days, all chicks except groups 5 and 6 w...