Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms are basically developed for discrete optimization and hence their application to continuous optimization problems require the transformation of a continuous search space to a discrete one by discretization of the continuous decision variables. Thus, the allowable continuous range of decision variables is usually discretized into a discrete set of allowab...

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is a meta-heuristic algorithm, inspired by the bee’s food search behaviour based on swarm intelligence. Successful applications were performed many optimization problems using this rising in popularity over past few years. The update mechanism of ABC despite fact that its exploration good, faces problem convergence performance. For solving Algorithm An Base...

Naturally Occurring WHV Infection and Other Mammalian and Avian Hepadnaviruses The hepatitis B virus (HBV) of humans and great apes is the prototype of the family Hepadnaviridae, a group hepatotropic DNA viruses that infect several mammalian (Genus: Orthohepadnavirus) and avian (Genus: Avihepadnavirus) species. The second member of the hepadnavirus family, WHV, was identified in the Eastern woo...

The in vitro transformation of normal T-lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-I) is possible utilizing cocultivation techniques. We now report on a quantitative assay for HTLV-I transformation. Transformed cell lines were produced by cocultivation of either preactivated (phytohemagglutinin and T-cell growth factor) or nonactivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an e...

The twin-screw configuration problem (TSCP) arises in the context of polymer processing, where twinscrew extruders are used to prepare polymer blends, compounds or composites. The goal of the TSCP is to define the configuration of a screw from a given set of screw elements. The TSCP can be seen as a sequencing problem as the order of the screw elements on the screw axis has to be defined. It is...