Compound eyes were formed in Xenopus embryos at stages 32/33 by fusion in the right orbit of (1) two right naso-ventral halves, (2) two right ventral halves, (3) two right temporo-ventral halves, (4) one right and one left naso-ventral half and (5) one right and one left temporo-ventral half. The contralateral visuotectal projections from the operated eyes later showed abnormalities reflecting ...

The aim was to examine treatment strategies after injury of the lower cervical spine (C3-T1). hypothesis that ventral spondylodesis using cages and non-angular stable plates are before locked tricortical bone graft.

The ventral epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster is derived from longitudinal rows of ectodermal precursor cells that divide and expand to form the ventral embryonic surface. The spitz class genes are required for the proper formation of the larval ventral cuticle. Using a group of enhancer trap lines that stain subsets of epidermal cells, it is shown here that spitz class gene function is nece...

The ventral tegmental area (catecholaminergic group A10) is a midbrain region characterized by concentrated dopaminergic immunoreactivity. Previous studies in pigeons show that the ventral tegmental area provides a robust projection to the hippocampal formation and to the medial column of the inferior olive. However, the distribution, morphology, and neurochemical content of the neurons that co...

Graded Sonic hedgehog signaling may generate neuronal diversity in the ventral spinal cord in two steps: the creation of a generic population of ventral progenitors, followed by the Pax6-dependent generation of distinct subpopulations within these ventral progenitors.

Vertebrate ocular morphogenesis requires proper dorso-ventral polarity within the optic vesicle, and loss of dorso-ventral polarity results in failure of optic cup formation and domain specification, as shown by a reverse transplantation of the optic vesicle. We have shown previously that the ocular development depends not only on the signal within the antero-ventral optic vesicle but also on t...

The projection from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum regulates the reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats extinguished from cocaine self-administration. This projection coexpresses GABA and enkephalin, posing a role for mu-opioid receptors in the ventral pallidum in mediating the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Rats were extinguished from cocaine self-administration, and the re...

Emerging evidence suggests that the hippocampus can be anatomically and functionally dissociated along its septotemporal axis into dorsal and ventral subregions. With respect to function, we have recently demonstrated that pre-training excitotoxic lesions of ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus impair the acquisition of trace fear conditioning, whereas post-training lesions of either dorsal or ...

Histological and electrophysiological studies were performed on Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by inoculation with guinea-pig myelin basic protein (MBP) and Freund's adjuvant. The histological studies showed demyelination in the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal dorsal and ventral spinal roots and to a lesser extent in the spinal cord, including the dorsa...

The anterior portion of rodent agranular insular cortex consists of a ventral periallocortical region (AIv) and a dorsal proisocortical region (AId). Each of these two cortical areas has distinct efferent connections, but in certain brain areas their projection fields are partially or wholly overlapping. Bilateral projections to layers I, III and VI of medial frontal cortex originate in the dor...