I n the early decades of the 20th century, most Americans considered cosmetic surgery to be just a few steps removed from quackery. Many observers saw the desire for cosmetic surgery as a mark of vanity, and physicians tended to believe that such surgery violated their ethical injunction to do no harm. Yet by the end of the century , cosmetic surgery had become a multibillion-dollar business, a...

This paper examines the 'fetishism of numbers' (Gudeman, 1998, p.1) that has taken hold in restructured, market-oriented institutions higher education. As all areas academic life have been rendered down to quantifiable, and university environments become dominated by rituals counting, numbers imbued with a potency almost preternatural proportions. The points comparison between power ascribed nu...

Abstract This article shows the philosophical kinship between Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft on subject of love. Though two major 18th century thinkers are not traditionally brought into conversation with each other, share deep moral concerns about emerging commercial society. As new middle class continues to grow along commerce, vanity becomes an ever more common vice among its members. Bu...

This study uses Normative research, namely research by examining document studies, using various secondary data such as statutory regulations, court decisions, legal theory, and can be in the form of opinions scholars.The results this indicate that: (1) when making a regulation or legislation, it must refer to proper regulations 1945 law so that every made does not conflict with other regulatio...

Using the debates between Classical political economists and their critics as our lens, this paper examines the question of whether we're the same or different. Starting with Adam Smith, Classical economics presumed that humans are the same in their capacity for language and trade ; observed differences were then explained by incentives, luck and history, and it is the "vanity of the philosophe...