In crystals, energy band extrema in momentum space can be identified by a valley index. The internal quantum degree of freedom associated with valley pseudospin indices can act as a useful information carrier, analogous to electronic charge or spin1–4. Interest in valleytronics has been revived in recent years following the discovery of atomically thin materials such as graphene and transition ...

condition of contour lines in topographic maps, explains more geomorphologic issues such as effective processes in the land forms found in nature. change in the curvature of the transverse profile of a valley in mountainous areas, the peak of the mountain range, also reflect the geomorphologic features and expresses the tectonic events and climate changes occurring in the region. these changes ...

Introduction: Lineated valley fill (LVF) and lobate debris aprons (LDA) form in association with fretted terrain and fretted channels in the northern part of Ara-bia Terra [1-3]. Geological mapping in the region [4] shows that LVF and LDA represent Amazonian-aged modification of the fretted topography, which itself formed prior to middle Hesperian. Expanding on [1-11], we report observations of...

background: the radioactivity levels in sediment and rock samples of i̇kizdere and kaptanpaşa valley have been determined. to our knowledge, there seems to be no information about radioactivity level in the i̇kizdere and kaptanpaşa valley sediments and rocks so far. materials and methods: the average radium equivalent activity (raeq), the total absorbed dose rate (d), the external risk index (hex...

Rift Valley fever is an arthropod-borne Phlebovirus infection. The Rift Valley fever virus can cause Rift Valley fever. Rift Valley fever is an important viral infection that is rarely reported in Asia. Recently, one case of Rift Vally fever was confirmed in China, drawing attention from researchers towards this viral disease. The recent emergence of this infection in China is a big global inte...

740. Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in a Tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Fouzia Naeem, MD, MS; Mohammad Nael Mhaissen, MD; Brenik Kuzmic, Pharm D; Ashley Clark, Pharm D; Michelle Ruiz, BA and Indira Chandrasekar, MD; Pediatric Infectious Disease, Valley Children’s Healthcare, Madera, California, Pharmacy, Valley Children’s Healthcare, Madera, California, Quality and Patient Safety, Val...

Valley networks, concentrations of dendritic channels that often suggest widespread pluvial and fluvial activity, have been cited as indicators that the climate of Mars differed significantly in the past from the present hyperarid cold desert conditions. Some researchers suggest that the change in climate was abrupt, while others favor a much more gradual transition. Thus, the precise timing of...

Table 1. June water chemistry values for Nine Pipe and Ovando Valley wetland study sites. Data from Borth (1998). Table 2. July water chemistry values for Nine Pipe and Ovando Valley wetland study sites. Data from Borth (1998). Table 3. August water chemistry values for Nine Pipe and Ovando Valley wetland study sites. Data from Borth (1998). Table 4. June, July and August average water chemistr...

The present work is devoted to a phenomenon known from physics and chemistry that is hitherto studied only by means of computer simulations and neither there nor in mathematics rigorously defined: the notion of metabasins. Metabasins are a partition of the state space of certain physical systems according to specific aggregation rules along a given finite simulation path. The main challenge of ...

Conventional electronics are based invariably on the intrinsic degrees of freedom of an electron, namely its charge and spin. The exploration of novel electronic degrees of freedom has important implications in both basic quantum physics and advanced information technology. Valley, as a new electronic degree of freedom, has received considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, we deve...