The aim of this review is to provide an understanding of the anatomical and histological structure of the nasal cavity, which is important for nasal drug and vaccine delivery as well as the development of new devices. The surface area of the nasal cavity is about 160 cm2, or 96 m2 if the microvilli are included. The olfactory region, however, is only about 5 cm2 (0.3 m2 including the microvilli...

Most microbial infections are either restricted to the mucosal membranes or the etiologic agents needed to transit the mucosa. Thus, it is desirable to stimulate a mucosal response following vaccination, to block both infection and disease development. Attenuated vaccine carriers mimic natural infections, triggering also mucosal responses. Similar results can be achieved by administering antige...

This paper reports on a novel immunoadjuvant activity of liposomes. An influenza subunit preparation, containing the isolated viral surface antigens, was incorporated a liposomal formulation. Administration of this vaccine to mice via the intranasal (i.n.) route resulted in a stimulated serum IgG response relative to the response to i.n. immunization with the antigen alone. In addition, the lip...

While mycobacteria have been proposed as vaccine vectors because of their persistence and safety, little has been done systematically to optimize their immunogenicity in nonhuman primates. We successfully generated recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and Pol as multigenic, nonintegrating vectors, but rBCG-expressing SIV Env was unstable....

Objective(s): The Botulism syndrome is caused by types A to G of botulinum neurotoxins. The binding domains of these neurotoxins are immunogenic and considered as appropriate candidate vaccines. Due to the low immunogenicity of recombinant vaccines, there have been many studies on the use of biocompatible carriers such as chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of these vaccines. The aim of thi...

The global increase in measles vaccination has resulted in a significant reduction of measles mortality. The standard route of administration for the live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine is subcutaneous injection, although alternative needle-free routes, including aerosol delivery, are under investigation. In vitro, attenuated MV has a much wider tropism than clinical isolates, as it can ...

The response of the rabbit to viable or killed whole-cell Pasteurella tularensis vaccines was studied. The most practical preparation for the production of anti-P. tularensis antibodies was viable organisms of the live vaccine strain (LVS). The intravenous route of administration proved superior to either the subcutaneous or intradermal routes, and incorporation of LVS into Freund's adjuvants d...

This review summarizes experimental findings that highlight the complex roles of the immune system in atherogenesis. Immune activation can have either proatherogenic or atheroprotective effects. Immune-modulation therapy via an active or passive immunization strategy aims to exploit the atheroprotective aspects of the immune system to modulate atherosclerosis. Several experimental studies have ...

PURPOSE A new rabies vaccine for animals, including raccoon dogs, in Korea is needed to eradicate rabies infection. In this study, we constructed two recombinant adenoviruses expressing the glycoprotein or nucleoprotein of the rabies virus (RABV). We then investigated the safety and immunogenicity of these strains in raccoon dogs, depending on inoculation route. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombin...

Background Perinatal transmission is the main route of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission. While several measures have been attempted as means of preventing perinatal HBV transmission, the optimal strategy remains inconclusive. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search, through December 2016, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the following measures among pregnant women...