Visual processing in biological systems is classically described as a hierarchy of increasingly sophisticated representations, originating in primary visual cortex (V1), progressing through intermediate area V4, and ascending to inferotemporal cortex. The computational mechanisms that produce representations in intermediate area V4 have remained a mystery. In this thesis I show that the standar...

Mandibular premolars have earned a reputation for having aberrant anatomy. The occurrence of three canals with three separate foramina in mandibular premolars is very rare. If predictable treatment of a three rooted mandibular premolar is planned, precise knowledge of clinical and radiographic anatomy is absolutely necessary. These teeth may also require special shaping and obturating technique...

The reaction mechanisms for diesel soot oxidation over V4/ZrO2 or V4/TiO2 oxide catalysts were studied by the means of in-situ UV-Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the formation of surface oxygen complexes (SOC) is a key step and the SOC species mainly exist as carboxyl groups. The presence of NO in the reaction gas stream can promote the formation of SOC species. For soot oxidation...

The routine radiographic examination by orthopantomography of the jaws of all dental patients is necessary and justifiable. To evaluated the possible radiographical marker in edentulous for identification. To determine the age and gender from different parameters of radiographs. Study was conducted on 103 orthopantomograms of edentulous patients, aged (55-76 years). All radiolucencies or radioo...

Sacrum is wedge shaped bone between two iliac bones forming posterior wall of pelvis. Normally, sacrum is generated by fusion of five sacral vertebrae constituting four pairs of sacral foramina [1]. At the cranial end of sacrum, there is fifth lumbar vertebra which when fused with the first sacral vertebra is known as sacralization of lumbar vertebra. Similarly at the caudal end, first coccygea...

The vertebral artery (VA) is well protected through its course at the cervical transverse foramina and penetrating injuries of VA are mostly caused by gun shot wounds. The mechanism of injury in these wounds is described as the kinetic energy transferred by the bullet, which always depends on its mass and speed. Thus, the size of the pellet is the most important factor for the tissue damage, sh...

Objective: In Sub-Saharan Africa, shunt dependence is a real threat for patients. For this reason, any method allowing shunt independence such as endoscopic third ventriculostomy should be promoted. The goal of this study was to show the advantages of neuroendoscopy in treating nontumor obstructive hydrocephalus in Cameroon. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of non-tumor obstructiv...

The role of area V4 in the primate extrastriate cortex has received much attention in recent years. However, the deficit specificity following area V4 ablations has been difficult to determine due to the ablations including area V4 and additional adjacent areas, deficit attenuation and the numerous variations in the results of different research teams. In order to address these issues, we exami...

The aim of this study was to the anatomical landmarks and variations supraorbital, infraorbital, mental foramina. One hundred sixty Thai dry skulls were randomly selected from Forensic Osteology Research Center. distances parameters measured by using Vernier caliper. supraorbital foramen could be found in a notch form 13.8 %, single accounted for 82.5 with an accessory represented 3.8 %. Single...