Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder of cystine and dibasic amino acid transport across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule and small intestine. Two responsible genes have been identified: mutations in the SLC3A1 gene, located on the chromosome 2p, cause cystinuria type I, while variants in SLC7A9 have been demonstrated in nontype I cystinuria. The poor urinary solubility of cystin...

Mini-slab electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel can be used to detect protein in unconcentrated urines containing more than 100 mg of protein per liter. Several urinary proteins--including albumin, transferrin, and the Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein--precipitate, partly or totally, if urine samples are stored at 4 degrees C for one or two days. The present procedure permits id...

INTRODUCTION Ureteroscopy is increasingly used to treat upper tract urinary stone disease. A negative ureteroscopy is a ureteroscopy performed with the intent of removing a kidney or ureteral stone, but in which ultimately no stone is removed. Negative ureteroscopy may occur when the stone is found to have already passed, or the presumed stone is found to be outside of the collecting system. We...

OBJECTIVES The American Southeast has been labeled the "Stone Belt" due to its relatively high burden of urinary stone disease, presumed to be related to its higher temperatures. However, other regions with high temperatures (e.g., the Southwest) do not have the same disease prevalence as the southeast. We seek to explore the association of stone disease to other climate-associated factors beyo...

Renal stone disease covers kidney and lower urinary tract stones caused by a variety of conditions, including metabolic and inherited disorders, and anatomical defects with or without chronic urinary infection. Most cases are idiopathic, in which there is undoubtedly a genetic predisposition, but where environmental and lifestyle factors play an important role. Indeed, it is becoming apparent t...

Kidney stone disease has become more common in children, but it remains non diagnosed in a significant proportion of patients, due to a lack of notable signs and symptoms. All children with colicky abdominal pain or microscopic hematuria should be examined thoroughly for urolithiasis. Patients’ histories in terms of family, medical, and drug and a thorough physical examination are require...

The majority of urinary stones in children are composed of calcium oxalate. To investigate the interaction between urinary calcium, oxalate, and citrate as major risk factors for calcium stones formation, their 24-h urinary excretion was determined in 30 children with urolithiasis and 15 normal healthy children. The cutoff points between children with urolithiasis and healthy children, accuracy...

BACKGROUND Hypocitraturia, or low urinary citrate excretion is known as a risk for nephrolithiasis. Though urinary citrate excretion is basically determined by acid-base balance, metabolic acidosis is not always manifest in urinary stone patients with hypocitraturia. From our stone clinic data, we estimated the incidence of hypocitraturia and addressed its causes in the absence of obvious acid-...

objective: the incidence and prevalence of kidney stone is increasing worldwide. after the first recurrence the risk of subsequent relapses is higher and the time period between relapses is shortened. urinary stones can be severely painful and make a huge economic burden. the stone disease may increase the vulnerability of patients to other diseases such as renal failure. medicinal herbs are ri...