background in order to detect nephropathy, measurement of total (24 hrs) urinary albumin or albumin/creatinin ratio in random urine samples is being recommended. but methods of albumin measurement are not available in all laboratories and also cost about 6 times more than that of urinary total protein measurement. objectives this study was performed to determine appropriate cut off point in 24 ...

Tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine (C17H21NO4), atropine (C17H23NO3) and hyoscyamine (C17H23NO3) are the most important plant secondary metabolites in the pharmaceutical industry due to anticholinergic activity, competition with muscarinic receptors and also treating different human diseases. Scopolamine, hyoscyamine and atropine are the most important tropane alkaloids used as anticoagulant...

  Serratia marcescens (S.M) is a species of gram–negative bacteria in the family enterobacteriaceae. A human pathogen, S. marcescens is involved in nosocomial infections, particularly in urinary tract and wound infections. This report describes a 63 years-old man that referred to hospital with dyspnea FC IV and he underwent cardiac valves replacement surgery with a diagnosis...

botulinum toxin (bt) is a potent presynaptic neuromuscular blocking agent which induces selective, reversible muscle weakness for months when injected intramuscularly.during recent years bt has revolutionized the treatment of previously intractable symptoms of detrusor overactivity. based on a systematic search of the pubmed database,a review of the current literature on the use of onabotulinum...

foreign bodies in lower urinary tract may present in a different number of ways. we report four cases of such unusual presentation. physical examination and plain radiograph was sufficient enough to confirm our diagnosis in all cases. the cases belonged to different age groups and three out of four cases were managed by open surgical approach. one foreign body was removed using cystoscope. prom...

β-lactamases are enzymes which inactivate the β-lactam antibacterial agents and are one of the major causes of resistance against these drugs. Recently there are reports on the isolation of bacteria which does not produce β-lactamase, but are resistant to penicillins. In the present study, β-laclamase production was determined using iodometric method on 150 ampicillin resistance Escherichia col...

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BACKGROUND Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) has high mortality, especially in patients who require renal replacement therapy (RRT). We prospectively studied the diagnostic accuracy of the urinary excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins and enzymes as predictors of a need for RRT in ATN. METHODS In 73 consecutive patients with initially nonoliguric ATN, we measured urinary excretion of alpha(1)...

Urinary enzymes that hydrolyze the artificial substrate alpha-N-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) were studied in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and salt-resistant (R) rats. Total urinary TAME esterase activity (kallikrein and non-kallikrein) showed a marked increase with dialysis against water, but only in hypertensive S rats with proteinuria. This phenomenon suggests the presence of dialyzable ...