In visual line transecting, whales are observed when surfacing to breath. Surfacings are short. Point process models for surfacing times are combined with a model for the hazard probability of initial sighting to obtain a likelihood for the observed encounters. Point processes are also useful for describing the clustering of encounters along the track line due to spatial clustering of whales.

hyrcanian forests in northern slope of alborz support high bird richness and abundance same as central of europe. in this study, efficiency of different methods including fixed-width transect, variable-width transect, fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were compared in order to present the most reliable methods for surveying and monitoring of diurnal forest birds in f...

This article develops methods for fitting spatial models to line transect data. These allow animal density to be related to topographical, environmental, habitat, and other spatial variables, helping wildlife managers to identify the factors that affect abundance. They also enable estimation of abundance for any subarea of interest within the surveyed region, and potentially yield estimates of ...

A mixed-methods approach is used to understand the human factors defining cultural heritage in two informal settlements Islamabad, Pakistan, namely France Colony and Mehr Abadi. The methodology applied based on spatial investigation within a placemaking framework create visual representation of neighborhoods, grounded theory explore experiences memories their inhabitants through verbal communic...

Investigation of the relationship between plant species and environmental factors plays an important role in plant ecology. The present study aimed to develop the best predicting model for distribution of Prangos uloptera DC. using logistic regression (LR) and Maximum Entropy Methods (MaxEnt) in its habitat in the southern rangeland of Ardabil province, Iran. Vegetation data (presence and absen...

As the largest ocean, the Pacific is intricately linked to major changes in the global climate system that took place during the Cenozoic. Throughout the Cenozoic the Pacific plate has had a northward component. Thus, the Pacific is unique, in that the thick sediment bulge of biogenic-rich deposits from the currently narrowly focused zone of equatorial upwelling is slowly moving away from the e...

With data from line transeot surveys, the pattern of distances at which animals are detected provides the information for estimating the area which the observer effectively surveys. This paper suggests a parametric structure for the problem wherein this area is characterized by an effective half-width parameter which appears as a scale parameter in the distributions of detection distances. Seve...

Distance sampling is a widely used methodology for assessing animal abundance. A key requirement of distance sampling is that samplers (lines or points) are placed according to a randomized design, which ensures that samplers are positioned independently of animals. Often samplers are placed along linear features such as roads, so that bias is expected if animals are not uniformly distributed w...

In populations that are distributed across steep environmental gradients, the potential for local adaptation is largely determined by the spatial scale of fitness variation relative to dispersal distance. Since altitudinal gradients are generally characterized by dramatic ecological transitions over relatively short linear distances, adaptive divergence across such gradients will typically requ...