Rural populations rely on physicians trained in primary care to provide emergency services. Less is known about primary care’s contribution to emergency services in urban and suburban settings. Two-thirds of family medicine and three-fourths of general internal medicine Medicare claims for emergency care are generated in urban settings, demonstrating primary care’s significant contribution to t...

Ubiquitous computing only allows services of fixed or local area and it just provides services without status information of the device upon user request. Thus, it is difficult to react immediately with users changes. Since urban computing is on higher system instead of ubiquitous, it can usually provide users the organic behavior with reference from devices physical states information. Also, i...

Open Government Data combined with dynamic data collected from either citywide sensor networks or apps running in citizens’ smartphones offer ample potential for innovative urban services (apps) that realize Smarter Cities. This paper describes IES CITIES, a platform designed to facilitate the development of urban apps that exploit public data offered by councils and enriched by citizens. This ...

in today's communities achieving to effectiveness of urban advertising is one of troubles of advertisement industry. this research is trying to answer this question that using three-dimensional design in urban advertising has what place in urban field? this query has been conducted in the method of iconological analysis on chosen urban advertising works of last 15 years in the world with t...

Tourism organizations have become one of the main users of the internet in recent years bysetting their own urban tourism websites. However, not all the websites are effective to promote their goals andobjectives. An effective evaluation of urban tourism websites can help organizations on how best to employ them.Using the ICTRT (Information, Communication, Transaction, Relationship and Technica...

in recent years, medical and health care consumption has risen, making health risk an important determinant of household spending and welfare. we aimed to examine the determinants of medical and health care expenditure to help policy-makers in the improvement of china's health care system, benefiting the country, society and every household. this paper employs panel data from china's provinces ...

National Rural Health Mission represents an important public health initiative to address essential health needs of the country's underserved population. For the Mission to achieve its goals, urban population needs to be included in its scope. Urban poor population constitutes nearly a third of India's urban population and is growing at three times the national population growth rate. Health st...

conclusions considering iran’s economic condition during the last five years, the catastrophic health expenditure headcount ratio was more than 2% in iran. materials and methods this descriptive study on iranian rural and urban households was conducted from april to june 2015. the sample sizes were 19437 rural and 18888 urban households that iranian statistical centre (isc) selected them throug...

introduction one of the critical issues associated with sustainability in the twenty-first century is how cities are growing and developing in the space. rapid urban growth and physical development of cities cause disintegration of the spatial organization of cities and consequently spatial inequality between urban spaces. this phenomenon can be considered as spatial segregation or fragmentatio...