[1] Mass redistribution and deformation cause spatiotemporal gravity changes in active volcano areas. The ability of the gravity measurements to detect subsurface magma movement as a precursor to volcanic eruptions is greatly enhanced if gravity changes are analyzed and modeled jointly with ground deformation data. One effective tool for this analysis is provided by the gravity and elevation ch...

We present thermodynamic estimates of pressures, temperatures, and volatile activities in vailably deformed, gabbroic to granitic, Cretaceous (115-100 Ma) batholithic and framework rocks of the Tehachapi Mountains, southernmost Sierra Nevada, California. A1 contents of hornblende in granitoids imply igneous emplacement at --8 kbar in the southernmost Tehachapi Mountains, with lower pressures (3...

The surface uplift of mountain belts is generally assumed to reflect progressive shortening and crustal thickening, leading to their gradual rise. Recent studies of the Andes indicate that their elevation remained relatively stable for long periods (tens of millions of years), separated by rapid (1 to 4 million years) changes of 1.5 kilometers or more. Periodic punctuated surface uplift of moun...

I n their Comment on our study (1), Zeitler et al. (2) imply that we interpreted our findings to question the possible existence of feedbacks between surface and tectonic processes, which is not the case. We therefore appreciate the opportunity to clarify potentialmisunderstandings. Zeitler et al. (2) suggest that the oldest sediments at the base of the valley fill could be 3 to 4 million years...

[1] Numerical landscape evolution models driven by uniform vertical uplift often develop a static drainage network and a precise balance between uplift and erosion. Small-scale physical models of uplifting drainage basins, however, continually reorganize by ridge migration and do not reach an ideal steady state. Here I show that the presence or absence of persistent drainage migration in a bedr...

The Amazonian rainforest is arguably the most species-rich terrestrial ecosystem in the world, yet the timing of the origin and evolutionary causes of this diversity are a matter of debate. We review the geologic and phylogenetic evidence from Amazonia and compare it with uplift records from the Andes. This uplift and its effect on regional climate fundamentally changed the Amazonian landscape ...

The uplift of the raft foundation of reinforced concrete buildings, and the consequent partial loss of contact between soil and foundation, is a possible effect of an earthquake. Actually, reinforced concrete buildings with raft foundation are commonly used in nuclear power plants. In this context, some simplified approaches for uplift evaluation have been proposed in the past and are still use...

around the crater floor (Schultz 1976). Rarely, in cases of extreme crater modification (e.g., Gassendi), deformation Many floor-fractured craters on the Moon show surface deformation like that seen over terrestrial laccoliths. Consequently, can extend beyond the crater rim to form another annular terrestrial laccoliths provide one model for such crater modifitrough surrounding a narrowed, ridg...

Introduction: Most impact structures on Earth are modified by erosion. First order structural features of impact craters such as the crater diameter, the size of the central uplift, and ring syncline can be measured in field campaigns [e.g. 1] or by geophysical explorations [e.g. 2,3]. However, these quantities deviate from the original crater diameter or other morphological features of the pri...