Partial nitritation/anammox (PANAM) technologies have rapidly developed over the last decade, but still considerable amounts of energy are required for active aeration. In this study, a non-aerated two-stage PANAM process was investigated. In the first-stage upflow fixed-film bioreactor, nitratation could not be prevented at ammonium loading rates up to 186 mg N l(-1) d(-1) and low influent dis...

Vertical upflow boiling experiments were performed in pursuit of identifying the trigger mechanism for subcooled flow boiling critical heat flux (CHF). While virtually all prior studies on flow boiling CHF concern the prediction or measurement of conditions that lead to CHF, this study is focused on events that take place during the CHF transient. High-speed video imaging and photomicrographic ...

To monitor the granularity of anaerobic sludge, the determination of granule density is vital importance. Granular sludge is the key factor for the efficient operation of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. For this reason several techniques have been proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the granular density was calculated. The granular density was strongly correlated with the VSS/T...

This paper presents a review and findings of the Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) technologies, deploying lab scale reactors for treatment domestic industrialwastewater. The major controlling parameters HUASB such as inert media used, pH, temperature, upflow velocity, organic loading, hydraulic residence time along with startup granulation are highlighted its efficient performance...

Methods for sizing single chamber tanks to remove different amounts of total suspended solids (TSS) have been available for some time. One method found in the literature uses the concept of upflow velocity (v) or the critical settling velocity of a particle in a tank to determine what size particles will be removed in the tank. The critical settling velocity depends on the relationship between ...

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a microbiologically coordinated process with dynamic relationships between bacterial players. Current understanding of dynamic changes in the bacterial composition during the AD process is incomplete. The objective of this research was to assess changes in bacterial community composition that coordinates with anaerobic codigestion of microalgal biomass cultivated on ...

Microscopic (SEM and TEM) examinations of biogranules sampled from various UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors indicated that microbes are densely packed. The microbial distribution is strongly dependent upon the degradation thermodynamics and kinetics of individual substrates. Biogranules degrading carbohydrates exhibited typically a layered distribution with a surface layer popula...

In this work, a mathematical model based on growth kinetics of microorganisms and substrates transportation through biofilms was developed to describe methane production and sulfate reduction with ethanol being a key electron donor. The model was calibrated and validated using experimental data from two case studies conducted in granule-based Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactors. The result...

This article describes the use of biofilm reactors for the production of various chemicals by fermentation and wastewater treatment. Biofilm formation is a natural process where microbial cells attach to the support (adsorbent) or form flocs/aggregates (also called granules) without use of chemicals and form thick layers of cells known as "biofilms." As a result of biofilm formation, cell densi...