This paper investigates the quality and pricing decisions in a supply chain consists of one retailer two manufacturers. The updates trust value to manufacturers based on historical information product determine actual order quantity. We propose four game models by considering situations, i.e. , manufacturer-dominant scenario retailer-dominant scenario. Based theoretical numerical analysis, we o...

With the progress on VLSI process technology, the design complexity and the transistor density in system increases rapidly, causing that the power consumption and power density in system rise with the same trend. The size of CMOS devices is scaled down to the nanoscale level where interferences (soft-errors), becoming significant, affect the VLSI circuit performance [1]. Future electronic devic...

In this section we numerically extend the analytical insights regarding heterogeneous unreliable Tier 2 suppliers derived in the main text to a more general case in which Tier 2 suppliers may di↵er in both procurement cost and disruption risk, which we denote cj and j , j = 1, 2. As in the main text, we assume that 1  2, but the cost parameters may be ordered in any way. Our chief goal is to c...

Natural predation is an important component of integrated pest management that is often overlooked because it is difficult to quantify and perceived to be unreliable. To begin incorporating natural predation into sweet corn, Zea mays L., pest management, a predator survey was conducted and then three sampling methods were compared for their ability to accurately monitor the most abundant predat...