Despite the apparent stability of the wage bargaining institutions in West Germany, aggregate union membership has been declining dramatically since the early 90’s. However, aggregate gross membership numbers do not distinguish by employment status and it is impossible to disaggregate these sufficiently. This paper uses four waves of the German Socioeconomic Panel in 1985, 1989, 1993, and 1998 ...

BACKGROUND Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) achieve early bone union compared to those with other spinal diseases. This study compared the time to bone union after surgery between AS patients and degenerative spinal disease patients. METHODS Patients with degenerative spinal diseases (control group) and AS (experimental group) underwent pedicle subtraction osteotomy followed by poste...

BACKGROUND We compared the union and functional results of intramedullary nailing and open reduction internal fixation treatment applied to adults with a forearm diaphysis fracture (fracture of the radius and/or ulna). METHODS We retrospectively examined 90 patients with completed skeletal maturation who were surgically treated for a forearm diaphyseal fracture. Patients with a Monteggia Gale...

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in currency :union:s internationally. The formation of currency :union: in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has drawn much attention of Islamic countries. This paper aims to investigate the effect of currency :union: formation for trade among 49 Islamic countries over the period 1990-2012 by OCA and Augmented Gravity Model (AGM). T...

The aim of this study was to compare the time to radiological bony union of simple A-type fractures of the forearm, treated with either a locking compression plate (LCP) or a dynamic compression plate (DCP). For each fracture, the relation between the use of compression and radiological healing time was studied. Nine fractures were treated with LCP and 10 fractures with DC plates. The mean time...

BACKGROUND Treatment of the distal tibial fractures are challenging due to the limited soft tissue, subcutaneous location and poor vascularity. In this control-matched study, it was aimed to compare the traditional open reduction and internal fixation with minimal invasive plating (MIPO). We hypothesized that superior results may be achieved with MIPO technique. METHODS 22 patients treated wi...

Background The treatment of distal clavicle fracture is always a challenge, as it is mostly unstable and has higher rate of delayed union, malunion, non-union and associated acromioclavicular arthritis. So the management of these fractures remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional results of Type 2 distal end clavicle fractures treated with superior anterior...

Fracture of the residual limb in an amputee is uncommon. Intertrochanteric fractures of patients who had lower limb amputation have been studied only in several case reports; however clinical studies are lacking. We performed a retrospective clinical study to assess if these patients could return to their pre-fracture activity level after dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation of their intertrochante...

PURPOSE To evaluate the time to bone union after open reduction and internal fixation with cerclage cables followed by intramedullary nailing (IMN) for unstable humeral shaft fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with a humeral shaft fracture treated by IMN were enrolled. One group of patients was treated via open reduction and internal fixation with cables followed by IMN (cable group; n...