* School of Advanced Studies “Gabriele d’Annunzio”, Doctorate of Philosophy, XXIV cycle, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, Pescara 65127, Italy, Tel.: +39 085 453 7679; iacopo. [email protected]. ** Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Theory, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro 42, Pescara 65127, Italy, Tel.: +39 085 453 7585; fax: +39 085 453 7980; c.pagliari@u...

The size of the ‘underground economy’ (UE) is valuable information in the formulation of macroeconomic and fiscal policy. This study applies fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to model Taiwan’s UE over the period from 1960 to 2003. Two major factors affecting the size of the UE, the effective tax rate and the degree of government regulation, are used. The size of Taiwan’s UE is scaled and compare...

| Summer 2012 M any of the risks faced by firms and individuals are spread across the economy through government assurance programs. Prominent examples include bank deposit insurance, pension benefit guarantee funds, and hazardous material cleanup funds. A salient feature of these government assurance programs is the absence of risk-based pricing: they do not charge insured individuals a premiu...

The availability of data for the size of the “underground economy” (UE) is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for the (unobservable) New Zealand UE over the period 1968–1994. Two input variables are used—the effective tax rate and an index of the degree of regulation (REG). The resulting UE time-series is compared with ...

Urban underground space is an important non-renewable resource, and its value has increased in recent decades. Economic change and development is the most fundamental motive of evolution of the urban space, it also affected urban underground spatial development in a large degree. The paper try to analysis the urban economic affection in mechanism of evolution of urban underground space. The onl...