Ultra high energy collisions between heavy nuclei can be employed to experimentally probe the QCD properties of dense quark-gluon systems [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. The properties of the high density quark gluon system have also been compared to a color glass[6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. High energy proton-proton scattering also probes the QCD vacuum. The QCD vacuum differs from the QED vacuum via proper...

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) [ 1–14 ] is a high-sensitivity optical analytical technique with nanoscale resolution beyond the diffraction limit of light. As a plasmon antenna controlled by tunneling current or bias voltage, a sharp metal tip is used to create a “hot site” to excite the localized surface plasmons and consequently enhance the electromagnetic fi eld and Raman signals in ...

Stanford Research Systems phone: (408)744-9040 www.thinkSRS.com Residual Gas Analyzer (RGA) is the term used for a class of quadrupole mass spectrometers that typically cover mass ranges from 1 to 100 or 200 amu (atomic mass units), and are intended to be used for the analysis of the gasses present in high and ultra-high vacuum. The RGA’s resolution is sufficient to clearly distinguish peaks th...

The oxidation behavior of supported Pd-deposits on Au(111) and ZnO(0001) single crystals has been studied by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Oxidation has been carried out ex situ in a high-pressure cell and subsequent vacuum-transfer and characterization by ultra-high vacuum XPS, as well as in situ characterization by synchrotron based near ambient pressure XPS. On Au(111) alloying of ...

Compared with the three-dimensional bulk materials, two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit superior electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties due to reduced dimensionality. The quantum confinement effect of 2D gives rise exotic physical properties, receives extensive attention among scientists. Lots routes fabricate have been proposed by material scientists, including traditional ...

In the context of Fusion, several experimental reactors (such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)), research aims to demonstrate the feasibility to produce, on earth, the plasma that occurs on the sun or stars. Fusion using magnetic confinement consists in trapping and maintaining the plasma in a magnetic container with torus shape (Tokamak), under Ultra High Vacuum (...

Magnetron sputtering is a widely used physical vapor deposition technique. Reactive for the of, e.g, oxides, nitrides and carbides. In fundamental research, versatility essential when designing or upgrading chamber. Furthermore, automated systems are norm in industrial production, but relatively uncommon laboratory-scale primarily research. Combining automatization computerized control with req...

We visualize atomic level dynamics during Si nanowire growth using aberration corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy, and compare with lower pressure results from ultra-high vacuum microscopy. We discuss the importance of higher pressure observations for understanding growth mechanisms and describe protocols to minimize effects of the higher pressure background gas.