Foamy viruses (FV) differ from orthoretroviruses in many aspects of their replication cycle. A major difference is in the mode of Pol expression, regulation, and encapsidation into virions. Orthoretroviruses synthesize Pol as a Gag-Pol fusion protein so that Pol is encapsidated into virus particles through Gag assembly domains. However, as FV express Pol independently of Gag from a spliced mRNA...

for button mushrooms packaging, the packaging films with high permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide are required. permeability of plastic films such as pvc lead to loss of weight (and thus economic value) and textural changes are undesirable for button mushroom. so packaging film of polyolefins (pd 941 and pd 961) can be used. also the new film, hydrophilic materials such as films made from...

In the present study, packaging of a greenhouse-grown tomato on the culture medium containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% compost tea under modified atmosphere: MA (88%N2 + 8%CO2 + 4%O2) in polyethylene and nanosilicon-polyethylene bags was studied at 5°C for 30 days. Several quality parameters such as moisture content, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), Vitamin C content, text...

Ultra-lightweight, membrane primary mirrors offer a promising future for space telescope technology. However, the advantages of the lightweight structure of the mirror are restricted by an extremely high susceptibility to microyield. Hence, careful packaging of the membranes is required when transporting mirrors of this type into space. Four packaging models, a cylindrical roll, an umbrella mod...

The minimal signal required for the cleavage and packaging of replicated concatemeric herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA corresponds to an approximately 200-bp fragment, Uc-DR1-Ub, spanning the junction of the genomic L and S segments. Uc and Ub occupy positions adjacent to the L and S termini and contain motifs (pac2 and pac1, respectively) that are conserved near the ends of other herpes...

APOBEC3G (APO3G) is a host cytidine deaminase that is incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. We report here that viral RNA promotes stable association of APO3G with HIV-1 nucleoprotein complexes (NPC). A target sequence located within the 5'-untranslated region of the HIV-1 RNA was identified to be necessary and sufficient for efficient APO3G packaging. Fine ma...

Staphylococcal pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are the prototypical members of a widespread family of chromosomally located mobile genetic elements that contribute substantially to intra- and interspecies gene transfer, host adaptation, and virulence. The key feature of their mobility is the induction of SaPI excision and replication by certain helper phages and their efficient encapsidation into...

A novel plastic packaging of a piezoresistive pressure sensor using a patterned ultra-thick photoresist is experimentally and theoretically investigated. Two pressure sensor packages of the sacrifice-replacement and dam-ring type were used in this study. The characteristics of the packaged pressure sensors were investigated by using a finite-element (FE) model and experimental measurements. The...

The migration of packaging material constituents into food is a product of the interaction between the food and packaging material. This phenomenon is of importance because some migrating substances may be toxicologically carcinogenic and endanger the consumer safety. Polystyrenes are used in many food-contact applications for the packaging of aqueous-based, fatty and dry foods. The correlation...