T lymphocytes are defective in cystine uptake and thus require exogenous thiols for activation and function. Here we show that monocyte-derived human dendritic cells (DCs) release cysteine in the extracellular space. Cysteine generation is increased by lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and by contact with T cells specifically recognizing soluble or alloantigens. These stimuli ...

Reactive oxygen species are important cellular signaling molecules, and thioredoxin (TRX) is a key regulator of cellular redox balance. We investigated the interaction of TRX with its endogenous inhibitor, vitamin D3-upregulated protein (VDUP)-1, in human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Adenoviral gene transfer of TRX enhanced TRX enzyme activity 2.7+/-0.4-fold (P<0.05 versus cells infected ...

Estrogen receptor (ER) and p53 are important transcription factors in the growth regulation of tumor cells in breast cancer. We reported previously that thioredoxin (TRX) regulates the DNA binding activities of ER and p53 in vitro. The expression of pS-2, a trefoil factor, is also correlated with that of ER. To clarify the regulation mechanism of tumor growth in breast cancer, here we investiga...

As a result of identifying the regulatory proteins of thioredoxin (TRX), a murine homologue for human vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 (VDUP1) was identified from a yeast two-hybrid screen. Cotransfection into 293 cells and precipitation assays confirmed that mouse VDUP1 (mVDUP1) bound to TRX, but it failed to bind to a Cys32 and Cys35 mutant TRX, suggesting the redox-active site is critical f...

Thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases have a CXXC motif within their active sites. To initiate the reduction of a substrate disulfide bond, the thiolate form of the N-terminal cysteine residue (CXXC) of this motif performs a nucleophilic attack. Escherichia coli thioredoxin [Trx (CGPC)] is the best characterized thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase. Previous determinations of the active-site pKa values of ...

The ALL-1 gene was discovered by virtue of its involvement in human acute leukemia. Its Drosophila homolog trithorax (trx) is a member of the trx-Polycomb gene family, which maintains correct spatial expression of the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes during embryogenesis. The C-terminal SET domain of ALL-1 and TRITHORAX (TRX) is a 150-aa motif, highly conserved during evolution. We performed...

The trithorax (trx) gene is required for normal development of the body plan in Drosophila embryos and adults. Mutations in trx cause homeotic transformations throughout the body. Genetic studies suggest that trx encodes a positive regulatory factor required throughout development for normal expression of multiple homeotic genes of the bithorax and Antennapedia complexes (BX-C and ANT-C). To de...

The frequency assignment is an important task in the design of radio network. Let us concider a GSM network N composed of a set of nc cells: C= {C1, C2 . . . Ci, . . . Cnc}. Each cell required a number of frequencies which is defined by the number of transceivers TRX or traffic demand Di= {1, 2 . . . , x}An interval of operational frequencies: [Fmax − Fmin]. Further, consider a matrix: MCo[nc][...

The redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain is known to act as a signal to regulate the transcription of key genes involved in the acclimation responses to environmental changes. We hypothesized that the protein thioredoxin (Trx) acts as a mediator connecting the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and transcriptional regulation, and established a scree...

The trithorax (trx) locus of Drosophila melanogaster affects segment determination primarily in the thoracic region. Mutant flies show transformations of the third and, to a lesser extent, first thoracic segment toward the second thoracic segment; abdominal transformations also occur. Prior genetic evidence suggested that these effects are based on interactions between trx and genes of the bith...