Accepted for publication 18 August 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T he relation between health and trade is not new. Disease and pestilence have long followed global trade routes, a pattern that continues into the 21st century. A Chinese trade ship was the source of Latin America’s cholera outbreak in 1991, which resulted in 10 000 deaths. Increased trade in tobacco products...

International policies toward protecting intellectual property rights (IPRs) have seen profound changes over the past two decades. Rules on how to protect patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other forms of IPRs have become a standard component of international trade agreements. Most significantly, during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986–94), members of what is today t...

Accepted for publication 18 August 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T he relation between health and trade is not new. Disease and pestilence have long followed global trade routes, a pattern that continues into the 21st century. A Chinese trade ship was the source of Latin America’s cholera outbreak in 1991, which resulted in 10 000 deaths. Increased trade in tobacco products...

The structure of global intellectual property law as incorporated in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is implicated current lack COVID-19 vaccines, medical equipment, medicines and diagnostics (hereafter, ‘health-technologies’), which are needed to combat pandemic. Although equitable access vaccines moral, political econo...

Aim/Purpose – The study focuses on trade creation and diversion effect in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) regional agreement. It examines if ECOWAS agreement has brought about and/or before period ban certain items importation by Nigerian government as against terms 
 Methodology uses augmented gravity model. Estimations were carried out bilateral flows, within regio...

National policies toward intellectual property (IP) were revolutionized in the 1990s, as countries adopted new systems to conform to the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). TRIPS-style IP regimes make patents available for more types of knowledge, grant long periods of patent protection, and endow patent owners with strong...