3-phenyl-propenal is one of the principle compounds isolated from Guizhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi), the principal drug in Guizhi-Tang (GZT), a famous traditional Chinese medical formula. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 3-phenyl-propenal on the expression of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR4 and the downstream signaling components on Raw264.7 murine microphages. Raw264.7...

UNLABELLED Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors that recognize molecular patterns from viruses, bacteria, and fungi to initiate innate immune responses to invading pathogens. The emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a concern for global public health, as there is a l...

BACKGROUND Prior administration of a small dose of lipopolysaccharide confers a cardiac protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the signaling mechanisms that control the protection are incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates the ability of lipopolysaccharide to protect against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury through distin...

AIMS Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family initiate innate immune responses and were recently shown to play a role in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms that link TLR ligation to vascular inflammation and atherogenesis remain unclear. To identify which signalling pathways downstream of TLRs in immune cells are pro-atherogenic, we analysed the role of the TLR-specific adaptors MyD...

Knobloch J, Chikosi SJ, Yanik S, Rupp J, Jungck D, Koch A. A systemic defect in Toll-like receptor 4 signaling increases lipopolysaccharide-induced suppression of IL-2-dependent T-cell proliferation in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 310: L24 –L39, 2016. First published October 23, 2105; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00367.2014.—The susceptibility to bacterial infections is increased in chronic ...

In our Select pages, we highlight exciting themes that emerge from our review of the recent literature. In this issue's Immunology Select, we discuss a cluster of recent papers that further our understanding of the host innate immune response to viruses and provide an example of the evasion of the immune response by a viral protein. The innate immune response is an early line of defense against...

Large-scale gene expression studies have mainly focused on highly expressed and 'discriminatory' genes to decipher key regulatory processes. Biological responses are consequence of the concerted action of gene regulatory network, thus, limiting our attention to genes having the most significant variations is insufficient for a thorough understanding of emergent whole genome response. Here we co...

The innate immune response is primarily mediated by the Toll-like receptors functioning through the MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways. Despite being widely studied, it is not yet completely understood and systems-level analyses have been lacking. In this study, we identified a high-probability network of genes activated during the innate immune response using a novel approach to analy...

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a pivotal role in the host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we elucidated whether the endocytic adaptor protein Disabled-2 (Dab2), which is abundantly expressed in macrophages, plays a role in LPS-stimulated TLR4 signaling and trafficking. Molecular analysis and transcriptome profiling of RAW264....